structure

Pyridostatin (RR82) is a synthetic small-molecule stabilizer of G-quadruplexes, a secondary structure of DNA that usually exists in the end of the chromosome or the telomeres.

Silver sulfadiazine (Dermazin) is a sulfonamide-based topical agent with antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Col003 is a selective and potent inhibitor of Hsp47, competitively binding to the collagen-binding site on Hsp47 (IC50: 1.8 μM). It is useful for researching fibrosis.

Pyridostatin Trifluoroacetate Salt is a G-quadruplexe stabilizer with Kd of 490 nM in a cell-free assay, which targets a series of proto-oncogenes including c-kit, K-ras and Bcl-2.

Omadacycline (Amadacycline), a new tetracycline antibiotic, can inhibit the 30s subunit of bacterial ribosome.

Diallyl Trisulfide is an organic polysulfide compound found in garlic that acts as an H2S donor.

Cyclosporin A is a natural product and an active fungal metabolite, classified as a cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant. It binds to cyclophilin and inhibits the activity of calcineurin (IC₅₀ = 7 nM) as well as CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules. It is commonly used to induce uremia models.

Gefitinib (ZD1839) is an EGFR first-generation inhibitor with oral activity that inhibits the EGFR 19 Del and L858R mutations. Gefitinib has antitumor activity and is used for the treatment of EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancers. Gefitinib administration RESULTS in the development of the EGFR C797S resistance mutation.

Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.

Rotenone is a natural plant-derived insecticide that acts as an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I. It promotes the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, induces apoptosis, and is commonly used to establish Parkinson's disease models.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6/15/2/3/3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.

5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) is a specific PPARγ agonist and also inhibits P21-activated kinase 1(PAK1) and NF-Κb. 5-Aminosalicylic Acid has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. 5-Aminosalicylic acid can inhibit the activity of osteopontin (OPN).

Simvastatin (MK 733) is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Ki=0.2 nM) with oral activity. Simvastatin has hypolipidemic activity, inhibits hepatic production of cholesterol, and is also used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

Ampicillin (Aminobenzylpenicillin) is a semi-synthetic penicillin belonging to the β-lactam group of antibiotics. Ampicillin has bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Corticosterone (Kendall's compound B) is an adrenocortical steroid with salocorticoid and glucocorticoid activity that is orally active. Corticosterone is involved in the regulation of energy, immune responses, and stress responses in the body.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a natural product and a microtubule polymer stabilizer. Paclitaxel has anti-tumor activity and causes cell death by inducing mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and cell autophagy.

Penicillamine (Artamine), possessing antineoplastic properties, induces apoptosis by a p53-mediated mechanism and inhibits angiogenesis by chelating with copper, a cofactor for angiogenesis. Artamine is a beta dimethyl analog of the amino acid cysteine. As a degradation product of penicillin antibiotics, Artamine chelates with heavy metals and increases their urinary excretion.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.

Hygromycin B (Hygrovetine) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by interfering with translocation and causing mistranslation by the 70S ribosome. It is commonly used for the selection of cells transfected with the hph or hyg resistance gene.

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a natural agonist of the retinoic acid receptor RAR and inhibits RARα/β/γ (IC50=14 nM). Retinoic acid induces cellular differentiation, reduces cellular proliferation, and inhibits tumorigenesis.

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac, and central nervous system stimulant activities. It inhibits the 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP, thus potentiating the actions of agents that act through adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP.