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AutophagyMitophagy
Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. It often occurs to defective mitochondria following damage or stress. Mitophagy is key in keeping the cell healthy. It promotes turnover of mitochondria and prevents accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria which can lead to cellular degeneration. It is mediated by Atg32 (in yeast) and NIX and its regulator BNIP3 in mammals. Mitophagy is regulated by PINK1 and parkin proteins. In addition to the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, mitophagy is also required to adjust mitochondrial numbers to changing cellular metabolic needs, for steady-state mitochondrial turnover, and during certain cellular developmental stages, such as during cellular differentiation of red blood cells.
Ruxolitinib
Cited
INCB018424, (R)-Ruxolitinib
T1829941678-49-5
Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is a JAK1/2 inhibitor (IC50=3.3/2.8 nM) that is potent and selective. Rixolitinib exhibits antitumor activity and induces autophagy and apoptosis.
- $53
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CitedOlaparib Cited
KU0059436, AZD2281
T3015763113-22-0
Olaparib (KU0059436) is a small molecule inhibitor of PARP1/PARP2 (IC50=5/1 nM), with weak inhibitory activity against PARP tankyrase-1 (IC50=1.5 μM), and is selective and orally active. Olaparib exhibits autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy activation activity.
- $31
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CitedDoxorubicin hydrochloride Cited
NSC 123127, Hydroxydaunorubicin hydrochloride, DOX hydrochloride, Adriamycin HCl
T102025316-40-9
Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.
- $34
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CitedMdivi-1 Cited
Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1
T1907338967-87-6
Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a mitochondrial division inhibitor that inhibits DRP1 and Dynamin I (IC50=1-10 μM). Mdivi-1 inhibits mitochondrial autophagy.
- $39
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Cited3-Methyladenine Cited
NSC 66389, 3-MA
T18795142-23-4
3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor that selectively inhibits class IB PI3Kγ (IC50 = 60 μM) and class III VPS34 (IC50 = 25 μM). 3-Methyladenine inhibits autophagy.
- $35
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CitedMetformin Cited
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide
T8526657-24-9
Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) is an AMPK activator with blood-brain barrier permeability. Metformin may improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal glucose uptake, and is commonly used in type 2 diabetes research.
- $39
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CitedDeferoxamine Mesylate Cited
DFOM, Desferrioxamine B mesylate
T1637138-14-7
Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFOM) is an iron chelator and ferroptosis inhibitor. Deferoxamine Mesylate binds free iron into a stable complex and reduces iron accumulation. Deferoxamine Mesylate up-regulates HIF-1α levels and induces apoptosis.
AktApoptosisAutophagyBeta AmyloidFerroptosisHIF/HIF Prolyl-HydroxylaseMitophagyReactive Oxygen Species
- $31
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CitedBrefeldin A Cited
Decumbin, Cyanein, BFA, Ascotoxin
T606220350-15-6
Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.
- $34
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CitedMetformin hydrochloride Cited
Metformin HCl, 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, 1, 1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride
T07401115-70-4
Metformin hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride), a widely used anti-diabetic drug, exhibits potential anti-Y properties by inhibiting the proliferation of various Y cells, including colon and prostate.
- $33
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CitedABT-737 Cited
T2099852808-04-9
ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic and an inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w (EC50=30.3 nM/78.7 nM/197.8 nM). ABT-737 exhibits antitumor activity and anti-aging activity.
- $64
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CitedQuercetin Cited
Sophoretin
T2174117-39-5
Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.
- $42
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CitedDexamethasone Cited
Prednisolone F, NSC 34521, MK 125, Hexadecadrol
T107650-02-2
Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and apoptosis-inducing activities. It inhibits the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in neutrophils and monocytes, suppresses LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and induces autophagy. It is commonly used to induce animal models of depression, muscle atrophy, and hypertension, and holds potential in COVID-19 research.
ADC CytotoxinAntibacterialAntibioticAutophagyComplement SystemGlucocorticoid ReceptorIL ReceptorMitophagySARS-CoV
- $29
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CitedResveratrol Cited
trans-Resveratrol, SRT 501
T1558501-36-0
Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.
AntibacterialAntibioticAntifungalApoptosisAutophagyCOXDNA/RNA SynthesisIκB/IKKLipoxygenaseMitophagyNADPHNrf2Sirtuin
- $36
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CitedSulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium Cited
Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate sodium
T13036L1212012-37-7In house
Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium is a long-chain fatty acid that inhibits fatty acid transport into cells and is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and has anti-inflammatory properties without causing cytotoxic effects.
- $32
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CitedRuxolitinib phosphate Cited
Ruxolitinib (INCB-18424) phosphate, INCB018424 phosphate, INCB018424, INC424, INC 424 phosphate
T30431092939-17-7
Ruxolitinib phosphate (INCB18424 phosphate) is a JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM. Its selectivity for JAK1/2 is more than 130 times that of JAK3.
- $44
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CitedEtoposide Cited
VP-16-213, VP-16
T013233419-42-0
Etoposide (VP-16-213) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA (IC50=60.3 μM). Etoposide has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis and autophagy.
- $33
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CitedCurcumin Cited
Turmeric yellow, Natural Yellow 3, Indian Saffron, Diferuloylmethane
T1516458-37-7
Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
AutophagyEpigenetic Reader DomainFerroptosisHDACHistone AcetyltransferaseInfluenza VirusMitophagyNrf2
- $37
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CitedAICAR Cited
NSC105823, AICAR (Acadesine), AICA Riboside, Acadesine
T14772627-69-2
AICAR (Acadesine) is an AMPK activator. AICAR has the functions of metabolic regulation, muscle function regulation, anti-cancer effect, neuroprotection and anti-aging.
- $30
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CitedSimvastatin Cited
MK-0733, MK 733
T068779902-63-9
Simvastatin (MK 733) is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Ki=0.2 nM) with oral activity. Simvastatin has hypolipidemic activity, inhibits hepatic production of cholesterol, and is also used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
- $36
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CitedOxidopamine hydrobromide Cited
6-OHDA hydrobromide, 6-Hydroxydopamine hydrobromide
T12352L636-00-0
Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).
- $30
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CitedAdezmapimod Cited
SB203580, RWJ 64809, PB 203580
T1764152121-47-6
Adezmapimod (SB 203580) is a selective, ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor (IC50=0.3-0.5 μM) that activates autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy, with more than 100-fold higher selectivity over PKB, LCK, and GSK-3β.
- $30
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Cited5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride Cited
Hydrangin, ALA hydrochloride, 5-Aminolevulinic acid HCl, 5-ALA
T16625451-09-2
5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis and a universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
- $33
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CitedHemin Cited
Hemin chloride
T551516009-13-5
Hemin (Hemin chloride) is a chlorinated iron-containing porphyrin, a heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer. Hemin has therapeutic activity in porphyrias by reducing heme deficiency in patients, thereby inhibiting δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity through biochemical feedback.
- $30
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CitedKaempferol Cited
Robigenin, Kempferol
T2177520-18-3
Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.
ApoptosisAutophagyEndogenous MetaboliteEstrogen Receptor/ERREstrogen/progestogen ReceptorHIV ProteaseMitophagyParasite
- $33
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