Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Ceruletide is a decapeptide that serves as a safe and effective cholecystokinin receptor agonist, exerting a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts, and is commonly used to establish pancreatitis models.

Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in fat emulsification, possessing notable biological and immunomodulatory activities. It can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression and protect cholangiocytes from TNF-α-induced damage via a PI3K-mediated pathway, and is commonly used to induce pancreatitis models.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) is a polymer of dehydrated glucose and an inhibitor of complement and coagulation pathways. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can be used as an anticoagulant, antiviral agent and antilipidemic agent. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can prevent the HIV-1 virus from adsorbing onto host cells. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) can inhibit the immediate blood-mediated inflammatory response (IBMIR).

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). L-Arginine is transported to vascular smooth muscle cells via a family of cationic amino acid transporters and is metabolized to nitric oxide, polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

Aspirin is an orally active, selective, and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with IC₅₀ values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. It induces apoptosis, inhibits NF-κB activation and platelet prostaglandin synthesis, thereby preventing thrombosis. Additionally, it acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor that upregulates p21, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Aspirin is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Sodium taurocholate is a biologically active compound that can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression. It also exhibits immunomodulatory effects and can be used to induce pancreatitis models.

Reserpine (Serpalan) is an alkaloid isolated from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina. As an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), it suppresses the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to depletion of catecholamines and serotonin in central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic effects and can be used to induce gastric ulcer and depression models.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived by the enzymatic decarboxylation of histamine. Histamine is a potent stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and a neurotransmitter of central action.

Indomethacin is an orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It exhibits good blood-brain barrier permeability and shows significant anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-infective activities. Indomethacin is widely used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections, and is also commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models in animals.

Histamine dihydrochloride (Ceplene) is the dihydrochloride salt form of histamine, an endogenous metabolic product. Histamine is an organic nitrogen-containing compound with diverse biological activities. It acts as a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion, a bronchial smooth muscle constrictor, and a vasodilator, as well as a neurotransmitter with central nervous system activity. It is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models in research.

Indomethacin sodium hydrate is an effective orally active, competitive, and reversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities and is commonly used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. Additionally, it can induce migraines and gastrointestinal injury and is used to study increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in adults, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Acifluorfen is a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor herbicide that promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. It induces liver tumors, liver injury, and cardiac dysfunction in rodents, and causes severe photooxidative damage to pigments and lipids in susceptible plants. It can be used to induce hepatitis and pancreatitis.

8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate is a abundant furan compound found in Dioscorea bulbifera L., exhibiting broad-spectrum plasmid elimination activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, and can be used to induce liver injury models in mice.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate is a bile acid sodium salt hydrate that participates in fat emulsification and can be used to establish pancreatitis models.

Cysteamine hydrochloride is an orally administered small-molecule drug commonly used for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. It also functions as an antioxidant and is used in experimental studies to induce gastrointestinal disorders, duodenal ulcers, and kidney injury models in mice.

Reserpine hydrochloride is the salt form of Reserpine and acts as an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). It blocks the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to the depletion of catecholamines and serotonin at central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic properties and is commonly used to induce models of gastric ulcer and depression.

L-Arginine hydrochloride serve as substrates and nitrogen donors for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to produce nitric oxide (NO). They are transported into vascular smooth muscle cells via cationic amino acid transporters, where they are metabolized into NO, polyamines, or L-proline. As effective vasodilators, they are commonly used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis models.

Histamine phosphate is a potent agonist of histamine receptors and a vasodilatory neurotransmitter. It can activate nitric oxide synthase and is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Indomethacin sodium is a potent and orally active COX-1 2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-infective activities and is widely used in research on cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. Additionally, it can be used to establish gastric ulcer animal models.

Lithium acetylsalicylate is an orally active, irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 5 and 210 μg mL, respectively. It can induce apoptosis, inhibit the activation of NF-κB, and suppress the activity of platelet prostaglandin synthase. It is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.