Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from damage by bile salts and lipid antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides are highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.

Ceruletide is a decapeptide that is a safe and effective cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptor agonist with direct spasmodic effects on the gallbladder muscle and bile duct.[1]

Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats.Taurocholic acid is cytoprotective, preventing tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced cholangiocyte damage via a PI3K-mediated pathway.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) is an anhydrous glucose polymer with a molecular weight range of 4500-5500. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by preventing viral adsorption to host cells. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 4500-5500) induces inflammation mainly in the colon. It can destroy the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier through the high negative charge caused by sulfate groups, leading to intestinal barrier damage, macrophage dysfunction, and bacterial flora disorder.

1. L-Arginine (L-Arg) exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effect. 2. L-Arginine and soy enriched diet are effective in prevention of osteoporosis associated with diabetes mellitus. 3. Exogenous L-Arginine could enhance neonate lymphocyte proliferation through an interleukin-2-independent pathway. 4. A combination of oral L-citrulline and L-Arginine effectively and rapidly augments NO-dependent responses at the acute stage.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) is a COX inhibitor that inhibits COX1 and COX2 (IC50=5 210 μg mL) with selective, irreversible, and oral activity. Aspirin is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor that up-regulates the cell cycle blocking protein, p21. Aspirin has a variety of activities. Aspirin has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic, and antiplatelet aggregation activities.

Sodium taurocholate (Taurocholate Sodium) hydrate is the main end product of cholesterol catabolism. During enterohepatic circulation, bile taurocholic acid is converted by the microorganisms to taurodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid.[3] These are reabsorbed by the liver via a carrier-mediated process and converted by liver enzymes to taurocholic acid.

Indomethacin sodium hydrate (Indometacin sodium hydrate) is an orally active, competitive and reversible COX1 2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity in induced migraines, induced gastrointestinal injuries, and may be used in studies of increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury and rheumatoid arthritis in adults.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Indomethacin (Indomethacin) is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor (IC50=18 26 nM) with blood-brain barrier permeability and non-selectivity. Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.

Reserpine (Serpalan) is an alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

Histamine dihydrochloride (Ceplene) is dihydrochloride form of Histamine. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound which is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Acifluorfen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor herbicide, promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and induces tumors in rodent livers, causing significant photooxidative damage to pigments and lipids in sensitive plant species.

Cysteamine hydrochloride (Thioethanolamine Hydrochloride) is an agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sodium taurocholate hydrate), formed by the conjugation of taurine with cholic acid, is the primary ingredient in the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is employed as a cholagogue and choleretic.

L-Arginine hydrochloride is a nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide.

8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate exhibits broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

Histamine Phosphate (Histamine acid phosphate) acts directly on the blood vessels to dilate arteries and capillaries mediated by both H 1- and H 2-receptors.

Indomethacin sodium, a powerful and orally active inhibitor of COX1 2, exhibits IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Apart from its potent anti-inflammatory effects, this compound possesses notable anticancer and anti-infective activities. Since it has such versatile attributes, it finds useful applicability in cancer, inflammation, and viral infection research [1] [2] [3].

Lithium acetylsalicylate is a bioactive chemical.