Lycobetaine acetate (Oxylycorine) is a potential biofungicide against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger.2. Ungeremine have strong antibacterial activity against Flavobacterium columnare

Lycobetaine displayed cytotoxic activity towards the 9 cancer cell lines tested, including drug-sensitive and MDR phenotypes. The IC50values obtained varied from 3.67 μM (in MDA-MB-231-BCRP breast carcinoma cells) to 75.24 μM (against in CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells) for Lycobetaine and from 0.02 μM (against CCRF-CEM cells) to 122.96 μM (against CEM/ADR5000 cells) for doxorubicin (control drug). Lycobetaine induced ferroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy as well as apoptosis mediated by caspase activation, MMP alteration and increase ROS production[1].

The cytotoxicity, ferroptotic and necroptotic cell death were determined by the resazurin reduction assay. Caspase activation was evaluated using the caspase-Glo assay. Flow cytometry was applied for the analysis of cell cycle analysis (PI staining), apoptosis (annexin V/PI staining), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (JC-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2DCFH-DA). Apoptotic, necroptotic and autophagic markers were determined by Western blotting. CCRF-CEM leukemia cells were used for all mechanistic studies[1].