Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, possessing mineralocorticoid activity and serving as a precursor to aldosterone. As an agonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor, DOCA can induce severe kidney damage, including inflammation, fibrosis, glomerular injury, and proteinuria. It is commonly used to establish animal models of chronic kidney injury and hypertension.

Kinase inhibition: The ability of compounds to inhibit ATR, ATM or DNAPK kinase activity istested using a radiometric-phosphate incorporation assay. A stock solution isprepared consisting of the appropriate buffer, kinase, and target peptide. To this isadded the compound of interest, at varying concentrations in DMSO to a final DMSO concentration of 7%. Assays are initiated by addition of an appropriate [γ-33P]ATP solution and incubated at 25 ℃. Assays are stopped, after the desired time course, by addition of phosphoric acid and ATP to a final concentration of 100 mM and 0.66 μM, respectively. Peptides are captured on a phosphocellulose membrane, prepared as per manufacturer's instructions, and washed six times with 200 μL of 100 mM phosphoric acid, prior to the addition of 100 μL of scintillation cocktail and scintillation counting on a 1450 Microbeta Liquid Scintillation Counter. Dose?response data are analyzed using GraphPad Prism software

DMSO: 13.47 mg/mL (36.16 mM), Sonication is recommended.

Ethanol: 12.5 mg/mL (33.56 mM), Sonication is recommended.

H2O: < 1 mg/mL (insoluble or slightly soluble)

10% DMSO+40% PEG300+5% Tween 80+45% Saline: 1 mg/mL (2.68 mM), Sonication is recommended.