• Modeling Mechanism：

  Protamine sulfate, as a cationic peptide, can increase urothelium ion permeability, chemically strip bladder barrier cells, and induce urothelium damage; however, it does not induce inflammatory cell infiltration or release of pro-inflammatory factors. Instead, it globally downregulates the expression of inflammation-related genes and upregulates anti-inflammatory factors (such as IL-4) and tissue repair-related genes, while also alleviating pain and tissue damage induced by bladder distension.

• Related Products：

  Protamine sulfate (T41031)

• Modeling Method：

  Experimental Subject：

  Mouse, C57BL/6, Female, 9–13 weeks old

  Dosage and Administration Route：

  10 mg/mL Protamine sulphate, 50 μL per animal, Intravesical inoculation

  Dosing Frequency and Duration Model：

  Single dose

• Validation：

  Histological markers: Mild urothelium shedding in the bladder, no significant interstitial edema or inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammation score significantly lower than in infection or inflammation models; Molecular markers: qPCR detection showed significantly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β (downregulated 14.5-fold) and IL-6 (downregulated 7.7-fold), and increased expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 (upregulated 3.6-fold) and IL-1Ra (upregulated 9.4-fold).

*Precautions： All mice were sacrificed 24 hours after modeling.

*References：Stemler KM,et al.Protamine sulfate induced bladder injury protects from distention induced bladder pain. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1):343-51.