Ginkgo Biloba Extract (Standard)

Ginkgo Biloba Extract (Standard) is the standard reference of Ginkgo Biloba Extract, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control and biochemical research. Ginkgo Biloba Extract is a natural active ingredient extracted from ginkgo leaves. It maintains the structural and functional homeostasis of mitochondria, regulates the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, blocks caspase cascade activation, and thereby alleviates neuronal apoptosis mediated by oxidative stress. Meanwhile, it upregulates SKP2 expression, inhibits non-Beclin1-dependent autophagy pathways, and ameliorates testicular tissue injury. In animal experimental models, it exerts protective effects on multiple types of neuronal damage and alleviates behavioral sensitization in rats. Against β-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated neurotoxicity, Ginkgo Biloba Extract produces multiple antagonistic effects: inhibiting Aβ-induced abnormal glucose uptake, ROS accumulation, AKT signaling disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction, regulating JNK and ER1/2 signaling pathways, blocking neuronal apoptosis, and suppressing the aggregation and formation of Aβ oligomers. Current research confirms that Ginkgo Biloba Extract has potential research value and application prospects in various neurological and tissue injury diseases including cerebral insufficiency, testicular injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Methods:
TM4 Sertoli cells, rat cerebellar granule cells, N2a neuroblastoma cells, and in vitro neurons were selected as research objects. Models of deltamethrin-induced injury, oxidative stress, Aβ toxicity, and various neurotoxic stimulation models were established respectively. The cells were treated with 15 μg Ginkgo Biloba Extract for 24 hours. Indicators related to autophagy, ubiquitination, blood-testis barrier, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, apoptosis-related proteins, and multiple signaling pathways were detected to comprehensively evaluate its protective effect.
Results:
1.Ginkgo Biloba Extract could up-regulate the expression of SKP2 and down-regulate the expression of Beclin1, effectively improving deltamethrin-induced autophagy disorder, ubiquitination abnormality, blood-testis barrier damage, and cell structure destruction in mouse TM4 Sertoli cells [2].
2.Ginkgo Biloba Extract could alleviate hydrogen peroxide/FeSO₄-induced oxidative damage in rat cerebellar granule cells, significantly reduce the basal and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Aβ-overexpressing N2a cells, showing a clear antioxidant effect.
3.Ginkgo Biloba Extract exhibited obvious protective effects on in vitro neurons under various toxic stimuli, including hydrogen peroxide, hypoxia, glutamate, verapamil, β-amyloid, MPTP, nitric oxide, and cyanide, and could inhibit abnormal neuronal death.
4.Ginkgo Biloba Extract alleviated oxidative stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis by stabilizing mitochondrial function, regulating Bcl-2 family proteins, and inhibiting caspase activation.
5.Ginkgo Biloba Extract could block Aβ-induced abnormalities in glucose uptake, ROS accumulation, AKT abnormal activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, JNK/ERK1/2 pathway disorder, and cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, it inhibited the formation of Aβ oligomers, thereby antagonizing Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity [3].

Methods:
Animal models were constructed, including the cypermethrin-induced testicular injury model in male ICR mice, the ischemic stroke animal model, and various animal models of stress, drug toxicity, and transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Different doses of Ginkgo Biloba Extract or EGb761 were administered via intragastric gavage or intraperitoneal injection for long-term intervention. The autophagy level of testicular tissue, blood-testis barrier structure, spermatogenic function, hormone indicators, as well as neuronal damage in brain tissue and behavioral changes were detected to clarify its in vivo protective effect.
Results:
1.Under in vivo administration conditions, Ginkgo Biloba Extract (100 mg/kg, intragastric gavage, daily intervention for 30 days) could up-regulate the expression of SKP2, inhibit Beclin1-independent autophagy, repair the integrity of the blood-testis barrier, improve spermatogenic function and endocrine hormone levels, and effectively alleviate cypermethrin-induced testicular tissue damage in mice [2].
2.Ginkgo Biloba Extract EGb761 (10–100 mg/kg, intragastric gavage or intraperitoneal injection) could significantly improve neuronal damage under various pathological conditions, including ischemic stroke, hypoxia, heat stress, and subchronic cold stress.
3.Ginkgo Biloba Extract could attenuate amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats and reduce neurotissue lesions in transgenic mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), showing significant neuroprotective effects in various models of nervous system injury [3].

DMSO: 2 mg/mL, Sonication is recommended.