Reactive Oxygen Species

MitoSOX Red is a novel fluorescent probe that is specific and cell membrane-permeable and targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is oxidized by superoxide upon entry into the mitochondria and is not oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in the mitochondrion and produces a strong red fluorescence.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevents the oxidation of MitoSOX Red.

RSL3 (RSL3 1S) is an inhibitor of GPX4, and inhibits system xc- that blocks GSH synthesis (IC50=100 nM). RSL3 is a VDAC-independent activator of ferroptosis that is selective for tumor cells carrying oncogenic RAS.

Imeglimin hydrochloride (EMD 387008 hydrochloride) is an oral hypoglycemic agent. Imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species, increases mitochondrial DNA, and improves mitochondrial function.

Deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine B) is an iron chelator. Deferoxamine can be used to reduce the accumulation and deposition of iron in tissues. Deferoxamine can improve neurological dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. It has antioxidant, anti-proliferation and anti-tumor activities, and can induce the production of HIF-1α, apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. It can be used to treat acute iron toxicity and COVID-19 related diseases.

Elesclomol (STA-4783) is an oxidative stress inducer and a highly lipophilic copper ion carrier. Elesclomol induces apoptosis in tumor cells and is used in copper death related studies. Elesclomol also inhibits FDX1-mediated Fe-S cluster biosynthesis.

Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFOM) is an iron chelator and ferroptosis inhibitor. Deferoxamine Mesylate binds free iron into a stable complex and reduces iron accumulation. Deferoxamine Mesylate up-regulates HIF-1α levels and induces apoptosis.

FX-11 (LDHA Inhibitor FX11) is A potent, selective and competitive specific inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) with a Ki of 8 μM. FX-11 can activate PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2). FX-11 can reduce ATP levels, induce oxidative stress and ROS production, and cause cell death. FX-11 appeared antitumor activity during xenotransplantation of lymphoma and pancreatic cancer.

Acetylcysteine (NAC) is an N-acetyl derivative of cysteine, a ROS inhibitor and mucolytic agent. Acetylcysteine induces apoptosis, can be used to reduce mucus thickness, and has anti-influenza viral activity.

Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is a fluorescent chromophore isolated from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium, a lipophilic cation and weak photosensitizer with cytotoxicity. A2E promotes apoptosis under blue light exposure and induces autophagy under photoactivation, damaging membrane integrity in a concentration-dependent manner.

Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.

L 012 sodium salt, a luminol analogue, is a widely used chemiluminescent (CL) probe for active oxygen and active nitrogen. L 012 sodium salt is widely used to detect the superoxides (O2•−) derived from NADPH oxidase (Nox) to find Nox inhibitors.

Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic, scavenges superoxide and alkyl radicals, preventing mitochondrial oxidation, necrosis, and apoptosis.

SFI003 is a novel SRSF3 inhibitor that exerts anticancer activity against colorectal cancer by modulating the SRSF3 DHCR24 ROS axis and driving apoptosis in CRC cells through the SRSF3 DHCR24 reactive oxygen species (ROS) axis.

Sulforaphane is a natural isothiocyanate that activates Nrf2 and inhibits AMPK-dependent signaling. Sulforaphane has antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities by increasing the transcription of tumor suppressor proteins and inhibiting histone deacetylase activity.

Coelenterazine is a superoxide anion-sensitive chemiluminescent probe that can be used to detect the chemiluminescence of peroxynitrite and can serve as a luminescent enzyme substrate for apoaequorin and Renilla luciferase.

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is an orally active, competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) that markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2 and exhibits anti-cancer activity.

Urolithin A is a natural product, a metabolite of ellagic acid, which inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis and autophagy. Urolithin A exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.

H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) belongs to the class of green fluorescent dyes and is a probe for the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex/Em=488/525 nm) with cell membrane permeability.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Moracin C, a natural compound found in Morus mesozygia, Morus alba var. multicaulis, is an anti-inflammatory agent. moracin C inhibits nitric oxide (NO) release and LPS-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells.

DMPO (5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) is a kind of water-soluble nitric oxide spin trap, which allows the measurement of oxygen-centered free radicals in biological systems at room temperature using electron spin resonance. It has a high reaction rate constant for superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and distinguishes simultaneously among a variety of important biologically generated free radicals.

Nrf2-ARE hMAO-B QR2 modulator 1, a resveratrol derivative and multi-target-directed ligand (mtdl), activated the NRF2-ARE pathway (CD = 9.83 μM), selectively inhibited hMAO-B and QR2（quinone reductase-2，NQO2) (IC 50 = 8.05 and 0.57 μM), and was able to promote hippocampal neurogenesis and exert neuroprotective and antioxidant effects in an Alzheimer's disease model.

Nobiletin (Hexamethoxyflavone) is a natural polymethoxylated flavone isolated from citrus peels with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. Nobiletin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa).

Liquiritin (Liquiritigenin-4'-O-glucoside) (LIQ) is a main component among the licorice flavonoids, and possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer abilities.