Succinic acid (1, 2-ethanedicarboxylic acid) is a product of anaerobic metabolism and an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

CYP2C9:19.60 μM, CYP3A4:12.82 μM, CYP2D6:14.53 μM

METHODS: After treating HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC13A3 cells with Succinic acid, the substrate uptake of Na(+)/ dicarboxylic acid cotransporter 3 (NADC3, SLC13A3) was evaluated using fluorescent FLIPR membrane potential dye.
RESULTS: The EC50 of Succinic acid on HEK-293 cells was 107 μM. [1]

METHODS: To study the anti-anxiety effect of Succinic acid, a single dose of Succinic acid (3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) was orally administered by gavage to the mouse model of the elevated plus maze test. Single-dose Succinic acid (3, 6, 12 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into the mouse model of the elevated plus maze test. Single-dose Succinic acid (1.5, 3, 6 mg/kg) was orally administered by gavage to the mouse model of stress-induced hyperthermia.
RESULTS: Succinic acid significantly increased the percentage of mice entering the open arm and the percentage of time they stayed in the open arm. Succinic acid significantly increased the food intake of mice within 5 minutes after administration. Succinic acid inhibited stress-induced hyperthermia at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. [2]