Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Callistephin chloride) is a natural anthocyanin compound widely found in plants such as strawberries and pomegranates. Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride belongs to the class of flavonoid polyphenols and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective biological activities. Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation and regulating the expression of inflammation-related proteins (iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2). It effectively scavenges DPPH radicals, reduces intracellular ROS levels, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride alleviates glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, reduces neuronal apoptosis, and protects microglia and cerebellar granule neurons. Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis.

Methods: Human red blood cells were treated with pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 400 μM) and incubated with the red blood cell suspension for 10 or 30 minutes. Cell morphology was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the percentage of spiny red blood cells was counted.
Results: Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride induced the formation of spiked red blood cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with no hemolysis observed. [1]
Methods: DPPC liposomes (containing the fluorescent probe DPH-PA) were treated with 0–200 µM pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride and incubated for 60 minutes. Fluorescence decay caused by DPH-PA oxidation was monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy, and the antioxidant efficiency was calculated.
Results: Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. [1]
Methods: Mouse microglial cells (C8-4B) were first stimulated with LPS (100 ng/μL) and IFN-γ (1 ng/μL) for 2 hours, followed by the addition of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (100 μM), with a total treatment duration of 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the CTG assay; NO concentration in the culture supernatant was measured using the Griess assay; and mRNA expression levels of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2, and NF-κB p65 were analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR.
Results: Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride reversed the LPS/IFN-γ-induced decrease in cell viability, downregulated the LPS/IFN-γ-induced increase in NO, and simultaneously inhibited the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and COX-2. [2]

H2O: 40 mg/mL (85.32 mM), Sonication is recommended.

DMSO: 80 mg/mL (170.63 mM)