Busulfan is an alkylating antineoplastic agent derived from dimethane sulfonate, with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties. It primarily acts by forming carbonium ions in vivo, which induce cross-linking between DNA strands or between DNA and proteins, leading to DNA damage, inhibition of DNA replication, and suppression of RNA transcription. In addition, Busulfan can inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce apoptosis. It is commonly used as a myeloablative agent in preconditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation and can also be used to establish anemia models.

Reserpine (Serpalan) is an alkaloid isolated from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina. As an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), it suppresses the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to depletion of catecholamines and serotonin in central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic effects and can be used to induce gastric ulcer and depression models.

8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate is a abundant furan compound found in Dioscorea bulbifera L., exhibiting broad-spectrum plasmid elimination activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, and can be used to induce liver injury models in mice.

Reserpine hydrochloride is the salt form of Reserpine and acts as an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). It blocks the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to the depletion of catecholamines and serotonin at central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic properties and is commonly used to induce models of gastric ulcer and depression.

N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine (1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine, DNP) is a known carcinogen associated with the development and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Its carcinogenic mechanism involves multiple signaling pathways, particularly exerting effects through the regulation of phosphorylation at the Ser568 site of the LYRIC protein. It can be used to induce esophageal cancer models.