iGluR

NBQX (FG9202) is a potent, selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. Neuroprotective and anticonvulsant; active in vivo.

TAK-137 is an AMPA receptor enhancer with antidepressant effects. TAK-137 has the ability to improve cognition and could be used to study schizophrenia.

Dalzanemdor (SAGE-718) is an NMDA receptor-positive modulator of metabolism that can be used to study Huntington's chorea, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive dysfunction.

D-AP5 (D-APV) is an NMDA receptor antagonist.

Caroverine hydrochloride (Caroverine HCL) is a potent, competitive and reversible antagonist of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor. It is also an antioxidant and calcium-blocking agent that exhibits vasorelaxant action, and can be used for the research of inner ear tinnitus.

MK-801 (Dizocilpine (MK-801)) is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with Ki of 30.5 nM.

Dizocilpine Maleate (MK 801) is a potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) with Kd of 37.2 nM in rat brain membranes. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role.

L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory transmitter, shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

UK-240455 is a potent and selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glycine receptor antagonist with neuroprotective effects and improvements in motor function in Parkinson's disease models, making it a potential candidate for Parkinson's disease treatment.

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid is an amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptor subtype of glutamate receptors.

SYM 2081 is a specific kainate receptor agonist with an IC50 value of 35 nM for [3H]-kainate binding. SYM 2081 depolarizes the muscle and reduces the EPSP amplitude.

D-Cycloserine (RO-1-9213) is a broad spectrum antibiotic used as a second line agent for treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis, always in combination with other antituberculosis agents.

Transcrocetinate disodium (Disodium trans-crocetinate), extracted from saffron (Crocus sativus L.), is a high-affinity antagonist of NMDA receptor.

CGP 78608 hydrochloride is a specific antagonist at the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor (IC50 = 6 nM). CGP 78608 hydrochloride exhibits anticonvulsant activity. CGP 78608 hydrochloride potentiates GluN1/GluN3A-mediated glycine currents (estimated EC50 = 26.3 nM).

AMPA receptor modulator-1 can be activated by glutamate, thereby modulating ion channels.

YM90K (6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-) hydrochloride is an antagonist of AMPA receptor.

Radiprodil (RGH-896) (RGH-896) is an orally active and selective NMDA NR2B receptors antagonist. It was a potential treatment of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPNP).

Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist synthesized from L-tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway.

JNJ-61432059 is an orally active and selective negative modulator of TARP γ-8 selective AMPAR (pIC50: 9.7).

CNQX (FG9065) is a competitive, non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist (IC50s = 0.3 and 1.5 μM for AMPA and kainate receptors, respectively)

glycine (2-Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) is a postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) inhibitor with neuroprotective and antiepileptic effects.Tat-NR2B9c inhibits PSD-95d2, PSD-95d1, and PSD-95, which prevents the activation of NMDA-induced NADPH oxidase in neurons, thereby blocking the production of superoxide, which reduces ischemic injury in the acute phase after stroke.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

Memantine hydrochloride (Memantine HCl) is an AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. Memantine hydrochloride has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.

(S)-Willardiine (L-willardiine) is present in the seeds of Acacia and Mimosa. (S)-Willardiine is an AMPA kainate receptor agonist (EC50 = 44.8 μM).

Felbamate (W-554) is an Anti-epileptic Agent. The physiologic effect of felbamate is by means of Decreased Central Nervous System Disorganized Electrical Activity.

CX546 is an AMPA receptor modulator. CX546 enhances cognitive function in rats. It has also been proposed as a treatment for schizophrenia.

Sepimostat exhibits neuroprotective activity via NR2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism at the Ifenprodil-binding site of the NR2B subunit. Sepimostat dimethanesulfonate inhibits the Ifenprodil binding with a Ki value of 27.7 μM.

Decanoic Acid (Caprynic acid) acts as a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist.

Procyclidine hydrochloride ((±)-Procyclidine hydrochlorid) is a potent anticholinergic agent and also have NMDA antagonist properties.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.

Orphenadrine hydrochloride (Mephenamin) is a muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.

Isoxsuprine hydrochloride (Isolait) is a beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle.

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

Philanthotoxin 74 dihydrochloride is an antagonist of AMPAR with IC50s of 263 and 296 nM for GluR3 and GluR1.

TAK-653, a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of AMPA receptors exhibiting minimal agonistic activity, elicits an antidepressant-like response while maintaining a favorable safety profile in rat models.

Naspm trihydrochloride (1-Naphthylacetyl spermine trihydrochloride) is a synthetic analogue of Joro spider toxin and acts as an antagonist of calcium-permeable AMPA (CP-AMPA) receptors.

Piracetam (UCB-6215), a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is used in therapy of the extensive cognitive disorders.

DNQX (FG 9041) is a competitive, non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist (IC50s = 0.5 and 0.1 μM for AMPA and kainate receptors, respectively)

CNQX disodium is a competitive non-NMDA receptor antagonist and competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist in neuronal cultures.

CP 465022 hydrochloride is a potent, and selective noncompetitive antagonist of AMPA receptor with anticonvulsant activity. CP 465022 hydrochloride inhibits Kainate-induced response with an IC50 of 25 nM in rat cortical neurons.

Flupirtine maleate (Katadolon maleate), a centrally acting non-opioid analgesia, is the salt form of Flupirtine. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist , and also a specific neuronal potassium channel opener.

1. Linalool (Linalol), a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. 2. Linalool was protected against LPS GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition. 3. Linalool biosynthesis and accumulation might be involved in plant defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens and be associated with field resistance to citrus canker. 4. Linalool significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf-2 and diminished lung tissue levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.

D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor.

Mibampator (LY451395) is an effective and selective AMPA receptor potentiator.

NMDAR antagonist 1 is an orally active, NR2B-selective NMDAR antagonist.

Omberacetam (Noopept) is a synthetic dipeptide that has been shown to produce positive nootropic and cognitive effects in animal models by a mechanism similar to other related racetam compounds.

Topiramate (RWJ 17021) is a unique antiseizure medication that is used in the treatment of partial and generalized seizures. Topiramate has been rarely associated with hepatic injury and largely when used in combination with other anticonvulsant medications.