Pyroptosis

Nigericin sodium salt is an antibiotic, an NLRP3 activator, and a cationic ion carrier. Nigericin sodium triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which inhibits Golgi function and suppresses the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

Thiolutin (Acetopyrrothin) is an inhibitor of endothelial cell adhesion and produced by Streptomyces. Thiolutin shows antibiotic and anti-angiogenic properties. Thiolutin induces the phosphorylation of Hsp27 rapidly.

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid (2-BP) is a non-metabolizable palmitate analog, an agonist of PPARδ, which acts as a palmitoylation inhibitor and inhibits DHHC-mediated palmitoylation.

Ac-FLTD-CMK is an inhibitor derived from abscisicin D (GSDMDD) with specific inhibitory effects on inflammatory caspases. ac-FLTD-CMK showed inhibitory effects on caspases-1, caspases-4 and caspases-11 with IC50s of 46.7 nM, 1.49 μM and 329 nM, respectively. Ac-FLTD-CMK showed potency against caspases-1, caspases-4 and caspases-11, but not against apoptosis-associated caspase-3.

Disulfiram (TETD) is an inhibitor of the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH, inhibiting hALDH1 and hALDH2 (IC50=0.15/1.45 μM) with specificity. Disulfiram is acutely sensitized to alcohol and also inhibits GSDMD pore formation.

LDC7559 inhibits gasdermin D (GSDMD) by blocking neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) at late stage.

Punicalin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-hepatotoxic activities, it shows inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.11 microg/ml (0.14 microM).

Dc-y13-27, a derivative of DC-Y13, is a potent YTHDF2 inhibitor (KD: 37.9 μM). DC-Y13-27 has antitumor activity that enhances the response of radiotherapy and immunotherapy to tumors.

Ac-YVAD-CMK (Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CMK) is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of Caspase-1 and inhibits pyroptosis, IL-1β and IL-18. Ac-YVAD-CMK shows neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory capacity.

Prosapogenin A (Progenin III) has anticancer activity.

antcin A is a steroid-like phytochemical isolated from the fruiting bodies of a precious edible mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea with strong anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.

Nigericin is a polyether antibiotic with potent antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticoronaviral and anticancer activities. It is capable of promoting cellular potassium efflux, inducing Caspase-1/GSDMD and Caspase-3-mediated cellular pyroptosis and apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer, and inducing apoptosis in PEL (primary exudative lymphoma) cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and Wnt/β-catenin signaling downregulation.

Apilimod 2HCl (STA 5326 2HCl) is a PIKFYVE kinase inhibitor that promotes NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation, IL-1β secretion, and cellular pyroptosis, and is used in the study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

1. Polyphyllin VI has hemostasis , expectorant , bacteriostasis, anticytotoxic, anti pregnancy kill sperm effects.

1. Sweroside possesses strong hepatoprotective effect. 2. Sweroside is a promising osteoporosis therapeutic natural product, has anti-osteoporotic effect on the human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.

Spiroplatin (TNO-6) is a novel platinum-containing analogue with antitumor activity that is commonly used in the study of solid tumors.

Calenduloside E (Silphioside F) is a pentacyclic triterpene saponin extracted from Panax japonicus. It targets heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and has anti-apoptotic effect.

1,7-Diphenyl-4-hepten-3-one is a compound isolated from Alpinia officinarum, which activates the Nrf2 pathway to suppress pyroptosis. It alleviates cognitive impairment and pathological damage in APP/PS1 mice and prevents oxidative stress damage while reducing levels of pyroptosis-related proteins. 1,7-Diphenyl-4-hepten-3-one enhances Aβ-induced proliferation in HT22 cells and can be used in Alzheimer’s disease research.

1. Sipeimine (Kashmirine) has antiasthmatic effect, on tracheal M receptor antagonist. 2. Sipeimine can make Kaba cholinergic induced contraction of tracheal strips of the dose-response curve to the right.

Inclisiran sodium (ALN-PCSsc sodium) is a dual-strand siRNA conjugated with triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), with antihypertensive activity. It inhibits the transcription of PCSK9, reducing the hepatic synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and can be used in cardiovascular disease research.

Sodium metatungstate (Sodium polyoxotungstate) is a potent inhibitor of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), with Ki values of 2.58 μM for NTPDase 1, 3.26 μM for NTPDase 3, and 28.8 μM for NTPDase 2.

INF 195 is an inflammasome NLRP3 inhibitor that inhibits NLRP3-driven macrophage pyroptosis and IL-1β release. INF 195 reduces isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 rat myoblasts and can be used to study myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction.

NLRP3/AIM2-IN-3 is a unique molecule that inhibits NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation in a species-specific manner. It has an IC50 value for cell lysis of 0.077 ± 0.008 μ M. NLRP3/AIM2-IN-3 is a potent inhibitor of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome-dependent cell lysis with an IC50 value for cell lysis of 0.077 ± 0.008 μ M. NLRP3/AIM2-IN-3 inhibits LPS/nigericin NLRP3/AIM2-IN-3 inhibits LPS/nigericin-stimulated cell lysis in THP-1 macrophages with an IC50 value of 0.077 ± 0.008 μM. NLRP3/AIM2-IN-3 interferes with the interaction of NLRP3 or AIM2 with the bridging protein ASC, inhibiting oligomerization of ASC.

(-)-Aspartic acid (L-Homoproline) is an endogenous amino acid existing in invertebrates and vertebrates. It can regulate testosterone synthesis and is an agonist of NMDA receptor.