5-phospho-d-ribose 1-diphosphate

5-Phospho-D-ribose 1-diphosphate sodium salt hydrate (PRPP sodium salt hydrate) is a substrate for o-aminobenzoic acid phosphoribosyltransferase.

Tetramethylrhodamine-5-iodoacetamide (5-TMRIA) is a thiol-selective reactive dye used to non-specifically label proteins through cysteine residues and to covalently label DNA fragments [1].

5-ROX (5-Carboxy-X-rhodamine), a rhodamine dye, exhibits strong fluorescence in aqueous buffer with an excitation wavelength (λexit) of 580 nm (ε = 3.6×10^4 (M·cm)) and an emission wavelength (λemit) of 604 nm (ϕ = 0.94).

Homer is a probe designed to target WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5). In MV4-11 cells, Homer induces the degradation of WDR5 with a half-maximal degradation concentration (DC50) of 53 nM. At a concentration of 1 µM, Homer decreases the protein levels of WDR5 in MV4-11 cells without affecting the mRNA levels that encode WDR5.

8-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl BODIPY is an organic fluorescent dye characterized by an ethynylphenyl group at the 8-position of the boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) structure and methyl substituents at the 1, 3, 5, and 7 positions. It boasts a high fluorescence quantum yield and specific chemical properties, making it useful for applications such as fluorescence imaging.

8-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-BODIPY is a derivative based on the BODIPY structure, featuring four methyl groups at positions 1, 3, 5, and 7, with a para-bromophenyl group attached at position 8. This compound finds extensive use in fields such as bioimaging, chemical analysis, and materials science, serving as a fluorescent probe for imaging biological samples, detecting specific chemicals, or in the development of optical materials.

FD&C Yellow No. 5 Aluminum Lake is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring.

bis-ANS is a high-affinity non-covalent extrinsic fluorescent dye used to analyze protein conformation.[1] Its predominant interaction with proteins is through its hydrophobic phenyl and naphthyl rings.[2] bis-ANS has an excitation maxima of 390 nm.[3] It has an emission maximum of 523 nm when free in solution but undergoes a blue shift with an increase in fluorescence intensity when bound to protein; for example, when bound to intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FAPB2) it has emission maxima of 484-496 nm. bis-ANS has been used to label mechanically damaged neurons in acute brain slices.4 It also potently inhibits microtubule assembly.[5],[6]

Cal Green 1 is a cell-impermeant fluorescent calcium indicator that is characterized by high quantum yield and low phototoxicity. Its peak excitation and emission wavelengths (506 and 531 nm, respectively) are comparable to standard fluorescein dyes, making Cal Green 1 appropriate for fluorescent microscopy. Cal Green 1 is ~5-fold brighter than fluo-3 at saturating calcium levels.

The rapid, selective, and sensitive sensing of thiols is important in diverse areas of research. This thiofluor 623 responds upon exposure to thiols with an increase in fluorescence intensity of up to 120-fold. The response is selective for thiols and occurs in aqueous media. In the absence of thiols, the probe is essentially non-fluorescent; thiols cause cleavage of the probe, generating a fluorophore with an absorption maximum of 563 nm and emission at 623 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield of the cleaved product, generated in response to thiols, increases in more viscous media, suggesting ideal performance in biological systems and applicability to single-molecule or 2-photon sensing schemes. The thiofluor 623 is cell-permeable and reacts selectively with intracellular thiols. The pseudo-first order rate constant (kobs) depends on substrate (e.g., 2.1 x 10-3 s-1 for cysteine, 2.0 x 10-5 s-1 for human serum albumin).

5(6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate is an oxidant-sensitive and cell-permeable fluorescent probe.1Base hydrolysis of the ester bonds by intracellular esterases releases the acetate groups and the resulting compound, 5(6)-carboxy-2',7',-dichlorofluorescein, is oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and displays excitation emission maxima of 504 and 530 nm, respectively, which can be quantified as a measure of oxidant production. 1.Hempel, S.L., Buettner, G.R., O'Malley, Y.Q., et al.Dihydrofluorescein diacetate is superior for detecting intracellular oxidants: Comparison with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 5(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and dihydrorhodamine 123Free Radic. Biol. Med.27(1-2)146-159(1999)

Biotin-11-dUTP [tetra(triethylammonium) salt] [(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3aR,4S,6R,6aS)-2-oxohexahydro-2H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphorin-3-yl]phosphonate] is used as a fluorescent substitute for dTTP.

HKSOX-1r (5 6-mixture) is a fluorescent probe specifically designed for the imaging and detection of endogenous superoxide in live cells and in vivo applications, demonstrating superior selectivity and sensitivity to the superoxide anion radical [1]. For storage, it must be protected from light.

Flutax-2 (5 6-mixture), an active fluorescent derivative of paclitaxel, binds to polymerized α,β tubulin dimers, with an excitation emission wavelength of 496 524 nm. Derived from paclitaxel, a diterpenoid secondary metabolite from Taxus species utilized in various cancer research [1], it requires storage protection from light.

Biotin-16-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (Biotin-16-dUTP) trisodium serves as an enzymatically incorporable substitute for its natural analog, dTTP, in DNA cDNA synthesis, facilitating the production of biotinylated DNA probes for diverse assay applications [1] [2]. Storage recommendation: protect from light.

HKSOX-1m hydrobromide (5 6-mixture), a mitochondria-targeted O2•− fluorescent probe (Ex Em=509 534nm; green), demonstrates exceptional selectivity and sensitivity for O2•− across a wide pH spectrum, robustly distinguishing it from strong oxidants and prevalent cellular reductants [1].

5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein, a lipophilic fluorescent probe conjugated with a free fatty acid derived from fluorescein, is used to analyze membrane fluidity and assess the critical micelle concentration of detergents. Additionally, it serves as a precursor in the synthesis of hydrophobic nanospheres suitable for drug delivery [1] [2] [3].

Compound 5, 2,3-Di(furan-2-yl)quinoxaline, is a blue-fluorescent quinoxaline derivative that is cell-permeable and demonstrates sufficient brightness at a micromolar concentration of 1.5 μM [1].

Mca-(endo-1α-Dap(Dnp))-TNF-α(-5 to +6) amide (human) TFA is a peptide that functions as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based substrate, with its activity determined by the change in fluorescence intensity following cleavage [1].

1,2-Diaminoanthraquinone serves as a sensitive, specific, and nontoxic fluorescent probe for nitric oxide (NO), facilitating the detection of NO production in live cells and animals. It exhibits maximal absorption at approximately 540 nm and achieves a detection limit of 5 μM for NO [1] [2].

2-(Naphthalen-1-yl)-5-phenyloxazole (α-NPO) is an organic fluorescent dye featuring a nitrogen atom, potentially interacting with nitrogen introduced during the amination step [1].

FFN246, a fluorescent probe, concurrently targets the serotonin transporter (SERT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), exhibiting excitation and emission spectra at 392 427 nm, respectively. It serves to label serotonergic neurons within mouse brain tissue via SERT-dependent accumulation [1].

5-FAM-β-Amyloid (1-28) is a peptide labeled with a fluorescent probe, representing the initial 28 amino acids of the β-Amyloid protein.

Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-4MβNA is a thrombin substrate that, when cleaved by thrombin, releases 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine (4MβNA). The liberated 4MβNA reacts with 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, forming an insoluble yellow fluorescent product, which indicates the site of thrombin activity [1].