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Bafilomycin A1 (Cat. No. T6740, Cas. 88899-55-2), also known as Baf A1. Bafilomycin A1, a macrolide natural product, is a V-ATPase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.44 nM) with specificity. Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of the late stage of autophagy, which blocks the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Bafilomycin A1 an cause lysosome‑dependent cell death at high concentrations.

RSL3 (Cat. No. T3646,CAS. 1219810-16-8), also known as RSL3 1S,1S,3R-RSL3. RSL3 (RSL3 1S) is a GPX4 directly inhibits GPX4 (IC₅₀ = 100 nM) and does NOT target system xc- that blocks GSH synthesis. RSL3 is a VDAC-independent ferroptosis activator that is selective for tumor cells carrying oncogenic RAS.

Rapamycin is a natural compound that selectively inhibits mTOR protein kinase. Rapamycin first binds to the intracellular protein FKBP12 to form a complex, which specifically binds to and acutely inhibits the kinase activity of mTORC1, blocking the phosphorylation regulation of mTORC1 on its downstream effector molecules (such as S6 kinase 1,4E-BP1, ULK1, etc.), thereby reducing protein synthesis, regulating cell growth and autophagy. However, mTORC2 is less sensitive to Rapamycin and usually requires long-term drug exposure to indirectly interfere with its function, indicating that Rapamycin exerts its physiological effects mainly by inhibiting mTORC1.

Dexamethasone (Cat. No. T1076, CAS. 50-02-2), also known as Prednisolone F, NSC 34521, MK 125, Hexadecadrol. Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. It has anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and apoptosis-inducing activities. It can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes, inhibit LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory response and induce autophagy. It excess use causes depression, muscle atrophy and hypertension animal models, and has potential in COVID-19 research.

Explore PMA, a potent PKC activator. Learn about its role in THP-1 cell differentiation and inflammation models for your research at TargetMol.

Explore Cycloheximide, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor. Learn about its roles in translation, autophagy, and ferroptosis research at TargetMol.

Explore Ferrostatin-1, a potent ferroptosis inhibitor. Learn how it prevents lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in disease models at TargetMol.

Explore Chloroquine, a classic lysosomal regulator and autophagy inhibitor. Discover its roles in malaria, inflammation, and TLR research at TargetMol.

Caspases are a family of cysteine-dependent proteases that play central roles in programmed cell death and inflammatory signaling. Initially recognized as the key executioners of apoptosis, Caspases are now known to regulate multiple forms of cell death, including pyroptosis, while also participating in immune and inflammatory responses. Due to their broad biological significance, Caspases have become important research targets in oncology, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and inflammation-related studies.

MG-132 (Cat. No. T2154, CAS. 133407-82-6), also known as Z-LLL-al,Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-CHO,MG132. MG-132 is a 26S proteasome inhibitor (IC50 = 100 nM) with cell permeability and reversibility. MG-132 can be used as an autophagy activator to induce apoptosis. The 26S proteasome is the most important protein degradation system in cells, which is responsible for the selective degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and plays a central role in maintaining protein homeostasis, regulating cell cycle, signal transduction and stress response. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) not only participates in the renewal of short-lived proteins, but also degrades a large number of long-lived proteins, which is one of the key pathways for intracellular protein quality control. Its functional imbalance is closely related to various pathological processes such as tumorigenesis, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory reactions, so it is considered to be an important drug intervention target.