• Modeling Mechanism：

  Glycerol induces rhabdomyolysis, releasing large amounts of myoglobin into the bloodstream. This myoglobin deposits in the proximal tubules of the kidney, forming casts that obstruct the tubules. Simultaneously, it triggers oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased nitrite levels in kidney tissue), activates the inflammatory response (upregulation of IL-1β expression) and the apoptosis pathway (activation of caspase-3), leading to vacuolar degeneration and coagulative necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, ultimately resulting in acute renal failure.

• Related Products：

  Glycerol (T4776)

• Modeling Method：

  Experimental Subject：

  Rats, Albino rats, Male, Body weight 150–250 g

  Dosage and Administration Route：

  ① Pre-treatment: 24-hour fasting prior to modelling (dehydrated state);
  ② Core modelling: 50% glycerol solution, 8 ml/kg, deep intramuscular injection (i.m.) into both hindlimbs;
  ③ Control treatment: Control rats injected with equal volume saline solution; all other procedures identical

  Dosing Frequency and Duration Model：

  Single dose

• Validation：

  1. Functional Indicators: - Renal Function: Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly elevated (p<0.0001); - Urine Indicators: Urinary albumin, urinary glucose, and urinary ketone body levels were significantly increased (p<0.0001); 2. Molecular Indicators: - Oxidative Stress: MDA levels in renal tissue were elevated, while nitrite levels were decreased (p<0.0001); - Renal Injury Markers: The expression of renal injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in renal tissue was significantly upregulated (p<0.0001); - Inflammation and Apoptosis: Immunohistochemistry showed significantly increased positive expression of IL-1β and caspase-3 in renal tissue (p<0.05); 3. Pathological Indicators: - HE staining showed severe vacuolar degeneration and coagulative necrosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells, destruction of renal tubular structure, and nuclear pyknosis or dissolution (lesions involved 5-6 sections, score +++).

*Precautions： Inhalation of 5% isoflurane euthanized rats.

*References：Sabra MS,et,al. Sildenafil and furosemide nanoparticles as a novel pharmacological treatment for acute renal failure in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2024 Oct;397(10):7865-7879.