Others

BAG Family Molecular Chaperone Regulator 2 (BAG2) is a member of the Bag family whose members compete with Hip for binding to the Hsc70/Hsp70 ATPase domain and promote substrate release. BAG2 contains 1 BAG domain and is a important component of the HSC 70/CHIP chaperone-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex. In mammalian cells BAG1, BAG2, and BAG3 bind with high affinity to the ATPase domain of Hsc70 and inhibit its chaperone activity in a Hip-repressible manner.

Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a member of the annexin family and has roles in the regulation of cellular growth and in signal transduction pathways. ANXA2 protein is associated with sickle cell osteonecrosis and the expression reduce of ANXA2 is associated with osteosarcoma metastases. ANXA2 functions as an autocrine factor, it can increases osteoclast formation and bone resorption. ANXA2 is involved in muscular dystrophies. In humans, the up-regulation of ANXA2 is related with colon adenocarcinoma cell differentiation.

Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial (UQCRH) belongs to the UQCRH/QCR6 family, it is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase. This is a component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex), which is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. UQCRH may mediate formation of the complex between cytochromes c and c1. It may mediate formation of the complex between cytochromes c and c1.

Hemoglobin subunit theta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HBQ1 gene. Theta-globin mRNA is originally found in human fetal erythroid tissue but not in adult erythroid or other nonerythroid tissue. Theta-1 is a member of the human alpha-globin gene cluster that includes five functional genes and two pseudogenes. Research supports a transcriptionally active role for the gene and a functional role for the peptide in specific cells, possibly those of early erythroid tissue. Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristically composed of many multi-subunit globular proteins. Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, connected by short non-helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein, causing attractions within the molecule, folding each polypeptide chain into a specific shape. Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement.

Polyubiquitin-B(UBB) is one of Ubiquitins. Ubiquitin is one of the most conserved proteins known in eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitin is required for ATP-dependent, non-lysosomal intracellular protein degradation of abnormal proteins and normal proteins with a rapid turnover. Ubiquitin is covalently bound to proteins to be degraded, and presumably labels these proteins for degradation.

Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1(ATF1) which contains 1 bZIP (basic-leucine zipper) domain and 1 KID (kinase-inducible) domain, belongs to the bZIP family. It influences cellular physiologic processes by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, which are related to growth, survival, and other cellular activities. ATF1 binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. It also binds to the Tax-responsive element (TRE) of HTLV-I. ATF1 mediates PKA-induced stimulation of CRE-reporter genes, represses the expression of FTH1 and other antioxidant detoxification genes, triggers cell proliferation and transformation. ATF1 is phosphorylated at serine 63 in its kinase-inducible domain by serine/threonine kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I/II, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and CDK3. Its phosphorylation enhances its transactivation and transcriptional activities, and enhances cell transformation.

Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-Inducible Protein GADD45 α (GADD45A) is a member of the GADD45 family. GADD45A can be induced by UV irradiation, X-rays, growth arrest and alkylating agents, of which can be mediated by some kinases other than PKC. GADD45A can interact with MAPK14, GADD45GIP1, PCNA. In T-cells, GADD45A functions as a regulator of p38 MAPKs by inhibiting p88 phosphorylation and activity. GADD45A may affect PCNA interaction with some cell division protein kinase complexes, stimulating DNA excision repair in vitro and inhibits entry of cells into S phase.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Inhibitor C (CDKN2C) is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. CDKN2C contains 4 ANK repeats and interacts with CDK4 or CDK6. Highest levels of CDKN2C can be found in skeletal muscle, pancreas, and heart. CDKN2C inhibits cell growth and proliferation with a correlated dependence on endogenous retinoblastoma protein RB and prevent the activation of the CDK kinases. Studies have been shown the roles of CDKN2C gene in regulating spermatogenesis, as well as in suppressing tumorigenesis.

RBP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 15-17 KDa and the accession number is P50120.

HTN3 belongs to the histatin/statherin family. Histatins are salivary proteins that are considered to be major precursors of the protective proteinaceous structure on tooth surfaces (enamel pellicle). In addition, histatins exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities. Post-translational proteolytic processing results in many histatins: e.g., histatins 4-6 are derived from histatin 3 by proteolysis. Histatins 1 and 3 are primary products of HIS1and HIS2 alleles, respectively. Histatins are believed to have important non-immunological, anti-microbial function in the oral cavity.

Cytoplasmic Protein NCK1 (NCK1) is a cytoplasmic protein that contains one SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. NCK1 is a member of the adapter family, which associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors, such as KDR and PDGFRB, or their cellular substrates. NCK1 maintains low levels of EIF2S1 phosphorylation by promoting its dephosphorylation by PP1. NCK1 plays a role in the DNA damage response, but not in the detection of the damage by ATM/ATR. It is also involved in transducing signals from receptor tyrosine kinases to downstream signal recipients, such as ELK1-dependent transcriptional activation in response to activated Ras signaling.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-3 (NPR3), also known as NPRC or ANPR-C, is one of the three natriuretic peptide receptors, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. The natriuretic system is key to the maintenance of vascular tone and cardiovascular homeostasis. Receptor for the natriuretic peptide hormones, binding with similar affinities atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP, brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP. May function as a clearance receptor for NPPA, NPPB and NPPC, regulating their local concentrations and effects. Osteocrin was found to be a specific ligand to NPR3. NPR3 is necessary for Osteocrin to regulate femoral, tibial, and metatarsal bone elongation.

Desmin is a cytoplasmic protein and belongs to the intermediate filament family. interacts with DST and MTM1. Desmin is only expressed in vertebrates, however homologous proteins are found in many organisms. Desmin is the main intermediate filament in mature skeletal, cardiac and smooth-muscle cells. DES founctions as homopolymers to form a stable intracytoplasmic filamentous network connecting myofibrils to each other and to the plasma membrane. .Defects in DES are cause of the myopathy myofibrillar type 1, cardiomyopathy dilated type 1I, and neurogenic scapuloperoneal syndrome Kaeser type.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) protein which belongs to the intermediate filament family. GFAP is expressed in numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), ependymal cells and phosphorylated by PKN1. GFAP, a class-III intermediate filament, is a cell-specific marker during the development of the central nervous system and distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells. It is closely related to its non-epithelial family members, vimentin, desmin, and peripherin, which are all involved in the structure and function of the cell’s cytoskeleton. GFAP is thought to help to maintain astrocyte mechanical strength, as well as the shape of cells but its exact function remains poorly understood.

Annexin A1 is the first characterized member of the annexin family of proteins and is able to bind to cellular membranes in a calcium-dependent manner, promoting membrane fusion and endocytosis. Annexin A1 has anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits phospholipase A2 activity. Annexin A1 also has roles in many diverse cellular functions, such as membrane aggregation, inflammation, phagocytosis, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis and cancer development. ANXA1 is strongly expressed on the cell membrane and occasionally in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 97% of samples from patients with hairy cell leukemia.

Calnexin/CANX is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the calreticulin family. It consists of a large N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail. The function of calnexin is to retain unfolded or unassembled N-linked glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts briefly with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. Calnexin seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins. Calnexin dwindles with aging and might contribute to a cytoprotection in an array of human age-related diseases.

Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase (CTH) belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family. CTH exists as a homotetramer and interacts with CALM in a calcium-dependent manner. CTH breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, ammonia and 2-oxobutanoate. CTH catalyzes the last step in the trans-sulfuration pathway from methionine to cysteine and has broad substrate specificity. Defects in CTH will lead to cystathioninuria, which is an autosomal recessive phenotype characterized by abnormal accumulation of plasma cystathionine.

Apolipoprotein-D (ApoD) is an atypical apolipoprotein and, based on its primary structure, it also a member of the lipocalin family. ApoD is mainly associated with high density lipoproteins in human plasma. ApoD is expressed in numerous tissues having high levels of expression in spleen, testes and brain. ApoD plays a role in maintenance and repair within the central and peripheral nervous systems. ApoD occurs in the macromolecular complex with lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. It is a multi-ligand, multi-functional transporter and transports a ligand from 1 cell to another. ApoD is probably involved in the transport and binding of bilin, it appears to be able to transport a variety of ligands in a number of different contexts.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a 150-180kDa calcium-sensitive protein that is secreted as a disulfide-linked homotrimer. TSP-1 regulates a wide range of cellular functions including their interactions with other cells and with the extracellular matrix (ECM). TSP-1 contains an N-terminal Laminin G-like globular domain, an extended central region with one vWFC domain, 3 TSP type 1domains, 2 EGF-like domains, and 8 TSP type3 domains, and a globular TSP C-terminal domain. Distinct regions of TSP-1 have been associated with binding to particular ECM or cellular molecules. TSP-1 counteracts the angiogenic, hypotensive, and antithrombotic effects of nitric oxide (NO). It binds and neutralizes VEGF, blocks VEGF R2 signaling on vascular endothelial cells(EC), and destabilizes adhesive contacts between EC. TSP-1 also plays an important role in wound repair and tissue fibrosis by binding latent TGF-beta and inducing release of the active cytokine from the latency associated peptide (LAP).

β-Defensin 1 (DEFB1) is a member of the β-defensin family, which is highly expressed by epithelial cells. β-defensins are expressed as the C-terminal portion of precursors and are released by proteolytic cleavage of a signal peptide. β-defensins contain a six-cysteine motif that forms three intra-molecular disulfide bonds. β-defensin 1 is an antimicrobial peptide implicated in the resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbial colonization. Defects in β-Defensin-1 contribute to asthma diagnosis, with apparent gender-specific effects in human. β-defensin 1 may also play a role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis. In addition, β-defensin 1 is associated with induction profiles in gingival keratinocytes.

SNCA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 18 KDa and the accession number is P37840.

Serpin B6 belongs to the serpin family. Serpin B6 localizes to the cytoplasm. Serpin B6 is expressed in many tissues, abundantly by mast cells in different tissues and mastocytoma lesions. Serpin B6 may be involved in the regulation of serine proteinases present in the brain or extravasated from the blood. In addition, Serpin B6 may play an important role in the inner ear in the protection against leakage of lysosomal content during stress and loss of this protection results in cell death and sensorineural hearing loss.

HMGB1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (N-teminal) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 14 KDa and the accession number is P09429.

HMGB1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (Truncated) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 13 KDa and the accession number is P09429.

Protein AMBP belongs to the calycin superfamily and Lipocalin family. AMBP can be cleaved into three chains: α-1-microglobulin, inter-α-trypsin inhibitor light chain and trypstatin. AMBP is expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. α-1-microglobulin occurs in many physiological fluids including the plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor is present in the plasma and urine. α-1-microglobulin occurs as a monomer and also in complexes with IgA and albumin, Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor inhibits trypsin, plasmin and lysosomal granulocytic elastase. Trypstatin act as a trypsin inhibitor, exists in a monomer forms and also occurs as a complex with tryptase in mast cells.

Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a secreted protein which belongs to the Apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family. APOA1 is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. APOA1 plays a critical role in various biological processes, such as Cholesterol metabolism, Lipid metabolism and transport, Steroid metabolism. APOA1 promotes cholesterol efflux from tissues to the liver and thus helps to clear cholesterol from arteries. Defects in this gene resulted in HDL deficiencies, including Tangier disease (TGD), systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis, premature coronary artery disease, hepatosplenomegaly and progressive muscle wasting and weakness. In addition, ApoA-I is implicated in the anti-endotoxin function of HDL via interaction with lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin.

Podoplanin belongs to the podoplanin family, also known as Glycoprotein 38. Podoplanin is synthesized as a 172 amino acid (aa) precursor with a 22 aa signal sequence, a 119 aa extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane region, and a short, 10 aa cytoplasmic tail. Detected at high levels in lung and brain, at lower levels in kidney, stomach, liver, spleen and esophagus, and not detected in skin and small intestine. Expressed in epithelial cells of choroid plexus, ependyma, glomerulus and alveolus, in mesothelial cells and in endothelia of lymphatic vessels. Also expressed in stromal cells of peripheral lymphoid tissue and thymic epithelial cells. Detected in carcinoma cell lines and cultured fibroblasts. Expressed at higher levels in colon carcinomas than in normal colon tissue. It can interacts with CLEC1B; the interaction is independent of CLEC1B glycosylation and activates CLEC1B. It may be involved in cell migration and/or actin cytoskeleton organization. When expressed in keratinocytes, induces changes in cell morphology with transfected cells showing an elongated shape, numerous membrane protrusions, major reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, increased motility and decreased cell adhesion. Required for normal lung cell proliferation and alveolus formation at birth. Ligand for CLEC1B, a platelet receptor. Induces platelet aggregation. Does not have any effect on folic acid or amino acid transport. Does not function as a water channel or as a regulator of aquaporin-type water channels.

Clusterin Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is (33-45) and (60-85) KDa and the accession number is P10909.

TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCR belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily that cosisits 305 amino acid (aa). It is expressed by stimulated T-cells. TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCR may play a role in T-helper cell development and the regulation of asthma and allergic diseases. Receptor for TIMD4. And may have a role in kidney injury and repair. Belongs to the T-cell and airway phenotype regulator (Tapr) locus, a single chromosomal region that confers reduced T-helper type 2 responsiveness and protects against airway hyperactivity (AHR), the hallmark of human asthma.

Cytochrome b5 type B (CYB5B) is a membrane of the cytochrome b5 family. It contains 1 cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain. Cytochrome b5 is a membrane bound hemoprotein which function as an electron carrier for several membrane bound oxygenases. In the mitochondrion of eukaryotes and in aerobic prokaryotes, cytochrome b is a component of respiratory chain complex III also known as the bc1 complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase.

Semenogelin-1 (SEMG1) is the predominant protein in semen; it is a secretory protein involved in the formation of a gel matrix entrapping the accessory gland secretions and ejaculated spermatozoa. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protease processes SEMG1 into smaller peptides, each possibly having a separate function. In the proteolysis process, Alpha-inhibin-92 and alpha-inhibin-31 are produced; they inhibit the secretion of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone. At the same time, it breaks down the gel matrix, allowing the spermatozoa to move more freely.

Brevican Core Protein (BCAN) is a secreted protein that belongs to the aggrecan/versican proteoglycan family. BCAN contains one C-type lectin domain, one EGF-like domain, one Ig-like V-type domain, one Sushi (CCP/SCR) domain and two Link domains. BCAN may play a role in the terminally differentiating and the adult nervous system during postnatal development. BCAN could stabilize interactions between hyaluronan (HA) and brain proteoglycans.

Serpin A1 is a prototype member of the Serpin superfamily of the serine protease inhibitors. As one of the most abundant proteinase inhibitors in the circulation, it is synthesized in hepatocytes, and to a lesser extent, in macrophages as well as intestinal epithelial cell lines and secreted as the abundant proteinase inhibitor in the circulation whose targets include elastase, plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Point mutations in the native SerpinA1 variants result in Serpin A1 deficiency, and consequently lead to several clinical complications such as pulmonary emphysema, juvenile hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. For example, the Z variants (Glu342 to Lys) forms intracellular inclusion bodies, is not secreted, and leads to a severe SerpinA1 deficiency. Accordingly, Serpin A1 deficiency in circulation is associated with emphysema or liver disease.

Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 1A (PPP1R1A) is an inhibitor of protein-phosphatase 1. PPP1R1A is a cellular regulator of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation. In hormonal control of glycogen metabolism, IPP-1 protein plays important function. Hormones can elevate intracellular cAMP level and elevate IPP-1 activity. PPP1R1A activation caused cAMP increase , cAMP control over proteins that are not directly phosphorylated by PKA following a rise in intracellular calcium. IPP-1 is inactivated by calcineurin (PP2B). Multiple domains in IPP-1 target cellular PP1 complexes.

Corneodesmosin is a protein that is encoded by the CDSN gene in humans. This gene encodes a protein found in corneodesmosomes, which localize to human epidermis and other cornified squamous epithelia. During maturation of the cornified layers, the protein undergoes a series of cleavages, which are thought to be required for desquamation.

Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Intracellular-Binding Protein (FIBP) is highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FIBP is an intracellular protein that binds selectively to acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). It is postulated that FIBP may be involved in the mitogenic action of aFGF.

The Galectin family of proteins, with specificity for Nacetyllactosaminecontaining glycoproteins, consists of beta-galactoside binding lectins containing homologous carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). They also possess hemagglutination activity, which is attributable to their bivalent carbohydrate binding properties. Galectins are active both intracellularly and extracellularly. Although they are localized primarily in the cytoplasm and lack a classical signal peptide, galectins can also be secreted by one or more unidentified, non-classical, secretory pathways. They have diverse effects on many cellular functions including adhesion, migration, polarity, chemotaxis, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Galectins may therefore play a key role in many pathological states, including autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, inflammation, tumor cell metastasis, atherosclerosis, and diabetic complications. The galectins have been classified into the prototype galectins(1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14), which contain one CRD and exist either as a monomer or a noncovalent homodimer. The chimera galectins(Galectin3) containing one CRD linked to a nonlectin domain, and the tandemrepeat Galectins(4, 6, 8, 9, 12) consisting of two CRDs joined by a linker peptide.Galectins lack a classical signal peptide and can be localized to the cytosolic compartments where they have intracellular functions. However, via one or more as yet unidentified nonclassical secretory pathways, galectins can also be secreted to function extracellularly. Individual members of the galectin family have different tissue distribution profiles and exhibit subtle differences in their carbohydrate-binding specificities. Each family member may preferentially bind to a unique subset of cell surface glycoproteins.

Vinculin is a focal adhesion and cytoskeletal protein that distributed mainly at cell-cell junctions and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion that belongs to the Vinculin/α-Catenin family. Vinculin is an Actin-binding protein and component of the Actin-Linking Functional module that senses and feels the mechanical properties of the extracellular environment. Vinculin is also a key factor that couples, transmits, transduces, and regulates mechanical force between the cytoskeleton and adhesion receptors. Vinculin generally forms two structural states, an open (active) and closed (inactive) state, which are controlled by conformational interaction(s) between the head and tail domains. Vinculin is involved in the mechano-chemical signal transmission of cells by binding to a variety of focal adhesion or cytoskeletal proteins, and plays important roles in cell adhesion, extension, motion, proliferation and survival.

Mucin-15 is a single-pass type I membrane protein member of the Mucin family. Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by epithelial tissues in most metazoans. A key characteristic of Mucins is their ability to form gels. Therefore they are a key component in most gel-like secretions, serving functions from lubrication to cell signalling to forming chemical barriers. Mucin-15 is expressed in many tissues. Mucin-15 is highly glycosylated (N- and O-linked carbohydrates). Mucin-15 may play a role in the cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.

Hemoglobin Subunit Zeta (HBZ) is a member of the Globin family. The zeta chain is an alpha-type chain of mammalian embryonic Hemoglobin that is synthesized primarily in the yolk sac of the early embryo, while alpha-globin is produced throughout fetal growth and adult life. The HBZ gene consists of five functional genes and two pseudogenes, the order of genes is 5-zeta-pseudozeta-mu-pseudoalpha-1-alpha-2-alpha-1-theta-1-3.

α Crystallin B Chain (CRYAB) is a cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family. Alpha crystallins are composed of two gene products: alpha-A and alpha-B, for acidic and basic, respectively. Alpha crystallins can be induced by heat shock and are members of the small heat shock protein (sHSP also known as the HSP20) family. Alpha crystallins acts as molecular chaperones and hold them in in large soluble aggregates. CRYAB is expressed widely in many tissues and organs. It may contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. The deficiency of CRYAB is the cause of myopathy myofibrillar type 2 (MFM2) and cataract posterior polar type 2 (CTPP2).

ApoE, a glycoprotein, is a structural component of very low density lipoprotein (vLDL) synthesized by the liver and intestinally synthesized chylomicrons . ApoE is also a constituent of a subclass of high density of lipoproteins (HDL) involved in cholesterol transport .ApoE mediates high affinity binding of chylomicrons and vLDL particles to the LDL receptor, allowing for specific uptake of these particles by the liver, preventing the accumulation of cholesterol rich particles in the plasma .Apolipoprotein E combines with fats (lipids) in the body to form molecules called lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein E is a major component of a specific type of lipoprotein called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).

Nucleolar Protein 3 is encoded by NOL3 gene; multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. So far, Nucleolar protein 3 has show to have two Isoforms. Isoform 1 may be involved in RNA splicing.Isoform 2 may inhibit apoptosis.It has been shown to down-regulate the enzyme activities of caspase 2, caspase 8 and tumor protein p53.

Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-Inducible Protein GADD45 Υ (GADD45G) is a nuclear protein which belongs to the GADD45 family. GADD45G is highly expressed in placenta. GADD45G interacts with various proteins whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. GADD45G responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. GADD45G is also involved in the regulation of growth and apoptosis. GADD45G inhibits cell growth and differentiation by androgens. The mRNA expression is down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma.

This protein may be involved in regulating membrane traffic to and from trans-Golgi network. Isoform TGN46 is widely expressed. Isoform TGN51 is more abundant in fetal lung and kidney. Isoform TGN48 is barely expressed in embryonic kidney and promyelocytic cells.

Alpha-synuclein (Snca) belongs to a family of proteins including a-, b-, and g-synucleins. Alpha-synuclein has been found to be implicated in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. Manyneurodegenerative diseases has shown that alpha-synuclein accumulates in dystrophic neurites and in Lewy bodies. The function of alpha-synuclein is closely correlated with its three-dimensional structure, especially for proteins important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Alpha-synuclein is a dynamic molecule whose secondary structure depends on the environment. For example, it has an unfolded random coil structure in aqueous solution, forms a-helical structure upon binding to acidic phospholipid vesicles, and forms insoluble fibrils with a high b-sheet content that resemble the filaments found in Lewy bodies. Also, alpha-synuclein was known to associate with 14-3-3 proteins including protein kinase C, BAD, and extracellular regulated kinase, and overexpression of alpha-synuclein could contribute to cell death in neurodegenerative diseases.

Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2 (CLIC2) is a critical component of all living cells; it regulatescellular traffic of Chloride ion and it can be inserted into membranes anf form chloride ion channels. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions, channel activity depends on the pH. CLIC2 is involved in regulating membrane potential and organic solute transport. CLIC2 modulates the activity of RYR2 and inhibits Calcium influx. CLIC2 can be detected in the adult brain, liver, lung, heart, stomach, spleen and testis. It is expressed in fetal liver and adult skeletal muscle. CLIC2 is a potential candidate for one of many diseases linked to Xq28.

Haptoglobin Protein, Human, Recombinant (N-His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35 KDa and the accession number is P00738.

Proenkephalin-B(PDYN), belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family. The N-terminal domain contains 6 conserved cysteines thought to be involved in disulfide bonding and/or processing. Leu-enkephalins, which is a type of Proenkephalin-B, compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. Dynorphin peptides differentially regulate the kappa opioid receptor. Dynorphin A has a typical opiod activity, it is 700 times more potent than Leu-enkephalin.

Synaptobrevin Homolog YKT6 (YKT6) is an enzyme that belongs to the Synaptobrevin family. YKT6 contains a longin domain and a v-SNARE coiled-coil homology domain. YKT6 is highly conserved from yeast to human and it can functionally complement the loss of the yeast homolog in the yeast secretory pathway. It is a membrane associated, isoprenylated protein that functions at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport step. YKT6 is considered as one of the SNARE recognition molecules implicated in vesicular transport between secretory compartments.