brain

MPTP hydrochloride is a dopamine neurotoxin and the precursor of MPP⁺. It can induce apoptosis and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and is commonly used for the construction of Parkinson's disease animal models.

PLX5622 is an orally active small-molecule CSF1R inhibitor that selectively depletes microglia in the brains of mice and rats. It is commonly used to establish models related to microglia-associated neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), brain injury, and neuroimmune regulation.

Indomethacin is an orally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, with IC₅₀ values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It exhibits good blood-brain barrier permeability and shows significant anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-infective activities. Indomethacin is widely used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections, and is also commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models in animals.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is essential for pregnancy. It is also commonly used to induce melasma models.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an orally active metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted into dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and holds potential in Parkinson’s disease research, and it can also be used to induce Parkinson’s disease models.

PLX5622 hemifumarate is a highly selective, blood-brain barrier-permeable, and orally active CSF1R inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.016 μM and a Ki of 5.9 nM. It can be used to eliminate proliferating and specific microglia before and during disease progression and is applicable for inducing Alzheimer's disease models.

Lactacystin is an orally active, irreversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor (IC50 = 4.8 μM) that also inhibits the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin A. It induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, possesses anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and is commonly used in the construction of Parkinson’s disease and dementia models.

Noradrenaline tartrate is an effective adrenergic receptor agonist that activates α1, α2, and β1 receptors. It is a precursor of epinephrine and serves as the principal neurotransmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and the diffuse projection system in the brain originating from the locus coeruleus, and can be used to establish cardiomyopathy models.

Indomethacin sodium hydrate is an effective orally active, competitive, and reversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities and is commonly used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. Additionally, it can induce migraines and gastrointestinal injury and is used to study increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in adults, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Levodopa sodium (L-DOPA) is the metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is orally active, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons in the brain where it is converted into dopamine. It exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and is commonly used to induce animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Dizocilpine Maleate (MK-801 maleate) is a potent, selective, and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with a Kd value of 37.2 nM. It is commonly used in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases in which NMDA receptors may be involved, and can also be used to induce schizophrenia models.

β-Amyloid (1-40) TFA is a major protein fragment found in the brain plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients and is commonly used to establish Alzheimer's disease models.

MOG (35-55) mouse, rat is a minor component of the central nervous system myelin with high brain specificity and strong immunogenicity. It can induce T and B cell responses, trigger relapsing-remitting neurological disorders with plaque-like demyelination, and is commonly used for inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models.