inhibitory

Alanine is a nonessential amino acid made in the body from the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. D-Alanine ((R)-Alanine) is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR.

Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6/15/2/3/3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.

Punicalin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-hepatotoxic activities, it shows inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.11 microg/ml (0.14 microM).

Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is an analog of glucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose has antiviral activity, as well as inhibitory cell proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activity.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

L-Cycloserine ((-)-Cycloserine) irreversibly inhibits GABA pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase in E. coli, as well in the brains of various animals, results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in vivo.

1-Octanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, functions as an inhibitor of T-type calcium channels (T-channels), showing an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. Additionally, 1-Octanol is recognized for its potential as a biofuel, possessing diesel-like properties[2].

Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2 (Calciferol)) is a derivative of ergosterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the C9-C10 bond with a strong inhibitory effect against bladder tumor promotion by sodium saccharin, and it induces cell differentiation in leukemia cells. Vitamin D2 is an inhibitor of DNA Polymerase.

Benzil is a bioactive aromatic ketone commonly used as a photoinitiator in polymer chemistry, exhibiting inhibitory activity against human carboxylesterase (hCE1) in Sf21 cells.

Daphnetin (7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin), a natural coumarin derivative, is a protein kinase inhibitor with inhibitory for EGFR (IC50: 7.67 μM), PKA (IC50: 9.33 μM), and PKC (IC50: 25.01 μM), also exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

DL-Menthol ((±)-Menthol) is a racemic mixture of the monoterpene alcohols (–)-menthol and (+)-menthod, which have been found in Cannabis. (–)-Menthol is more common than (+)-menthol in nature and exhibits analgesic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties, as well as inhibits cholinesterase.2 (+)-Menthol inhibits the growth of F. verticillioides (MIC: 1.5 mM) but, unlike (–)-menthol, does not exhibit analgesic, antibacterial, anticancer, or cholinesterase inhibitory activities.

1. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-Oxybenzaldehyde) shows an inhibitory effect on the GABA transaminase to contribute to an antiepileptic and anticonvulsive activity, and its inhibitory activity was higher than that of valproic acid, a known anticonvulsant.

1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug/mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Hinokitiol (4-Isopropyltropolone) can inhibit ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes and strongly suggest that the inhibitory mechanism is due to the antioxidant activity of metallothionein induced by the agent. Also, Hinokitiol modulates estrogen receptor signaling and inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells.

Methyl syringate (Syringic Acid Methyl Ester) has a unique inhibitory activity toward aflatoxin production with a different mode of action from that of gallic acid. Methyl syringate from K. pictus is a specific and selective activator of hTRPA1, can regulate food intake and gastric emptying through a TRPA1-mediated pathway and, by extension, can contribute to weight suppression.

3-Hydroxypyridine exhibits inhibitory activity against DNA topoisomerase 2-beta (Topo IIβ) and HIV-1 replication in Sup-T1 cells, making it useful for studying the HIV-1 virus.

NSC-37445 has anti-tumor activity, such as inhibits growth of bladder tumor cells in a nude mice model , prevents the recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma. NSC-37445 can significantly reduce the expression of CDK1-inhibitory kinases, Myt1 and Wee1, and cause cyclin B1 protein accumulation leading to CDK1 activation in T24 cells. 3. Flavokawain A (Flavokavain A) may exert anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via blockage of NF-κB-AP-1-JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways in the murine macrophages.

m-Tolualdehyde is a natural aromatic aldehyde exhibiting inhibitory effects against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), rendering it suitable for mite control.

Uric acid sodium is a potent and widely recognized antioxidant with the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals, helping to maintain blood pressure stability and counteract oxidative stress. It effectively eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Additionally, uric acid sodium is closely associated with the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis and the formation of calcium oxalate stones, and it can be used to induce hypertension models.

Phosphorylethanolamine (O-Phosphorylethanolamine) is a phosphomonoester metabolite of the phospholipid metabolism. Phosphorylethanolamine is a precursor of phospholipid synthesis and a product of phospholipid breakdown. Phosphomonoesters are present at much higher levels in the brain than in other organs. In developing the brain, phosphomonoesters are normally elevated during the period of neuritic proliferation. This also coincides with the occurrence of normal programmed cell death and synaptic pruning in developing the brain. These findings are consistent with the role of phosphomonoesters in membrane biosynthesis. Phosphorylethanolamine shows a strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, and the GABAB receptor partial agonist, 3-amino-propylphosphonic acid. Phosphorylethanolamine is a phosphomonoester which is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Benzyl propionate exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity against pathogens such as Phyllosticta zingiberi, Fusarium solani, and Magnaporthe oryzae, and is a key inhibitory compound produced by the strain ETR-B22 against various fungal pathogens.