Antibacterial

Bafilomycin A1 belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics and is a V-ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.44 nM) that is specific and reversible. Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of the late phase of autophagy, blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Bafilomycin A1 also induces apoptosis.

G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that selectively inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by blocking peptide chain elongation.

Nigericin sodium salt is an antibiotic, an NLRP3 activator, and a cationic ion carrier. Nigericin sodium triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which inhibits Golgi function and suppresses the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I II (IC50=0.8 2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Puromycin dihydrochloride (CL13900 dihydrochloride) is a cinnamamide adenosine antibiotic and an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Puromycin dihydrochloride inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA and has antitumor and antitrypanosomal activity.

Durlobactam sodium salt (ETX2514 sodium salt) is an inhibitor of β-lactamase with IC50 values of 4 nM, 14 nM, and 190 nM for Class A KPC-2, Class C AmpC, and Class D OXA-24, respectively. Durlobactam sodium salt can be used in studies about drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii.

Methicillin sodium salt is the sodium salt form of methicillin, a semisynthetic beta-lactam penicillin antibiotic with beta-lactamase resistant activity.

Tunicamycin is a mixture of antibiotics that inhibit N-linked glycosylation by blocking GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin has antitumor activity, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity.

Streptozocin (NSC-85998) is an antibiotic that induces DNA methylation. Streptozocin is toxic to insulin-producing pancreatic islet B-cells and is commonly used in the construction of animal models of type 1 diabetes. The product is unstable in solution and is recommended to be dispensed now.

6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-Leucine (L-6-Diazo-5-oxonorleucine) is a glutaminase antagonist (Ki: 6 μM) and an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified Streptomyces species from Peruvian soil.

Abietic Acid (Sylvic acid) is the primary component of resin acid isolated from rosin.

Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6 15 2 3 3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.

LL-37, Human acetate is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Doxycycline (Doxiciclina) belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics and is a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor with oral activity. Doxycycline has antibacterial activity and antitumor activity.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl) gallate ((-)-EGCG-3''-O-ME) is a natural product isolated from tea leaves with potent antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties, and it improves the adhesive stability of etching rinsing adhesives to dentin.

Girinimbine (Girinimbin) is a carbazole alkaloid isolated from the plants M. koenigii, M. koenigii, and Murraya koenigii. Girinimbine exhibits a wide range of biological effects, including apoptosis, antitrypanosomal, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities.

Trovafloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes involved in DNA replication. It also acts as an effective and specific inhibitor of the pannexin 1 channel (PANX1, IC50 = 4 μM).

Hypocrellin A is PKC inhibitor, has light-induced antitumor,antifungal and antiviral activities, it also exerts immunomodulatory effects on MHC-restricted presentation of antigen.

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties that induces autophagy and inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Taniborbactam dihydrochloride (VNRX-5133 dihydrochloride) is a selective and potent novel cyclic boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor with antimicrobial activity and significant inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria.Taniborbactam dihydrochloride inhibits KPC Taniborbactam dihydrochloride inhibits KPC-2, AmpC, OXA-48 and VIM-2 and can be used for the study of fungal infections.

Cefonicid binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cefonicid sodium (Monocid sodium) is the sodium salt form of cefonicid, a semisynthetic second-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

Vancomycin hydrochloride (Vancomycin HCl) is the hydrochloride salt of vancomycin, a branched tricyclic glycosylated peptide with bactericidal activity against most organisms and bacteriostatic effect on enterococci.

Epimedokoreanin B (EKB), an isoprenylated flavonoid isolated from Korean Epimedium, exhibited anticancer activity in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 and NCI-H292 cells.Epimedokoreanin B also possesses anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, and may have scavenging activity against DPPH radicals, inhibiting the proliferation of MCF-7 and HepG2 in a dose-dependent manner. Epimedokoreanin B also exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity, with DPPH radical scavenging activity, and inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 and HepG2 in a dose-dependent manner.Epimedokoreanin B significantly inhibits the formation of N (α)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N (Ï)-(carboxymethyl)arginine (CMA), and prevents clinical complications of diabetes mellitus through the inhibition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).

TBAJ-587 is a potent anti-tuberculosis agent. TBAJ-587 inhibits M.tb strain H37Rv growth with MIC90s of 0.006 and <0.02 µg/mL in MABA and LORA assay, respectively. BAJ-587 has more potent activity against M. tuberculosis and better efficacy in animal mode

Hygromycin B (Hygrovetine) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with translocation and causing mistranslation of the 70S ribosome. Hygromycin B can be used to screen prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells transfected with hph or hyg resistance genes.

Thiolutin (Acetopyrrothin) is an inhibitor of endothelial cell adhesion and produced by Streptomyces. Thiolutin shows antibiotic and anti-angiogenic properties. Thiolutin induces the phosphorylation of Hsp27 rapidly.

2-Hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone (Alizarin 1-methyl ether) is a natural product isolated from Morinda lucida Benth. (Rubiaceae) with antibacterial activity.

Hypericin (Cyclosan) is a natural anthraquinone compound, an extract of Hypericum perforatum, which inhibits PKC, MAO, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, reverse transcriptase, telomerase, and CYP, etc. Hypericin exhibits antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, and antidepressant activities.

Sancycline (Bonomycin) is a rare semi-synthetic tetracycline, acts by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein translation by blocking entry of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome A site.

Tacrolimus (Fujimycin) can bind FKBP12 to form a high-affinity complex (Ki: 0.2 nM) which inhibits the activity of the calcium calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase.

Eravacycline dihydrochloride (TP-434-046) is a potent and broad-spectrum antibacterial agent against six E. coli (MICs: 0.125-0.25 mg L).

Avibactam sodium (NXL-104) is a non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor that inhibits TEM-1, P99, and KPC-2 β-lactamases (IC50=8 80 38 nM) covalently and reversibly. Avibactam sodium has antimicrobial activity and can be used to treat urinary tract infections.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly used solvent to dissolve polar and non-polar compounds. Dimethyl sulfoxide has been widely used for masterbatch preparation of compounds in biological experiments. Dimethyl sulfoxide has bacteriostatic activity.

Chaetocin, a natural product from Chaetomium species, is a histone methyltransferase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.8 μM, 2.5 μM and 3 μM for dSU(VAR)3-9, mouse G9a and Neurospora crassa DIM5, respectively.

L-Lactic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid) is a natural product produced by the anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvic acid. L-Lactic acid is a sensitive indicator of tissue hypoxia and can be used as a hemodynamic indicator in critically ill patients.

Auranofin (SKF-39162) is an antirheumatic agent, is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, improves arthritis symptoms including painful or tender and swollen joints and morning stiffness.

Azithromycin (CP 62993) is an antibiotic by inhibiting protein synthesis, used for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Ceftobiprole (Ro 63-9141) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin effective against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; MIC90: 2 μg mL).

Salinomycin (Procoxacin), a polyether potassium ionophore antibiotic, specifically inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria, acts as a potent inhibitor of Wnt β-catenin signaling by blocking Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, and demonstrates selective activity against human cancer stem cells.

Ampicillin (Aminobenzylpenicillin) is a semi-synthetic penicillin belonging to the β-lactam group of antibiotics. Ampicillin has bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Epetraborole hydrochloride (GSK2251052 hydrochloride) is a potent and selective leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor.

Etoposide (VP-16-213) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA (IC50=60.3 μM). Etoposide has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Ceftiofur hydrochloride (U-67279A) is the hydrochloride salt form of ceftiofur, a semisynthetic, beta-lactamase-stable, broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity.

Zidebactam (WCK-5107) is an effective β-lactamase inhibitor. Zidebactam also is a penicillin-binding protein2 inhibitor (IC50: 0.26 μg mL).

Aztreonam (SQ-26,776), a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum, possesses bactericidal activity.

Ticarcillin disodium (Ticarpen) is the disodium salt form of ticarcillin, a broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic with bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity. Similar to carbenicillin in action, ticarcillin inactivates the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain by opening the lactam ring. This inactivation prevents the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan strands, thereby inhibiting the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This leads to incomplete bacterial cell wall synthesis and eventually causes cell lysis.

Maslinic acid (Crategolic acid) is a DNA polymerase B inhibitor.

DuP 105 is an oral oxazolidinone, a novel synthetic antimicrobial compound effective against gram-positive bacteria.

CCCP (Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenylhydrazone) is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor and mitochondrial proton carrier uncoupler. CCCP inhibits the activation of STING and its downstream signaling molecules TBK1 and IRF3.