Metabolism

BAY-876 is an orally active, selective inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1, IC50= 2 nM), exhibiting over 130-fold greater selectivity for GLUT1 than GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4. It also inhibits glycolytic metabolism and ovarian cancer growth.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Inosine (NSC-20262), an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by the catabolism of adenosine, is an agonist of adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.

L-Carnitine (L(-)-Carnitine) is an amino acid derivative. L-Carnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.

Trimethoprim (NSC-106568) is a Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor Antibacterial. The mechanism of action of trimethoprim is as a Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor, and Cytochrome P450 2C8 Inhibitor, and Organic Cation Transporter 2 Inhibitor.

ATP disodium salt (Adenosine-Triphosphate) is a P2 purinoceptor agonist.

Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities.

Liquiritin (Liquiritigenin-4'-O-glucoside) (LIQ) is a main component among the licorice flavonoids, and possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer abilities.

Methylglutaric acid is a leucine metabolite. A large amount of methylglutaric acid is identified in urine of patients with deficiency of 3-methylglutaconyl coenzyme A hydratase (PMID 6181239 ). Methylglutaric acid is also found to be associated with 3-hyd

Nicotinamide riboside chloride, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

D-Histidine is an enantiomer of L-histidine. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport and also an essential amino acid for infants.

SKF-86002 is an effective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase (IC50: 0.5-1 uM); inhibits LPS-induced IL-1 and TNF-α production in human monocytes (IC50: 1 μM).

Cinacalcet metabolite M4 (Rarechem AL BW 1078) is a metabolite of Cinacalcet. Cinacalcet is an allosteric agonist of Ca receptor.

Coenzyme A is an obligatory cofactor in all living cells synthesized from pantothenate (Vitamin B5), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and cysteine.

N-Desmethyltamoxifen hydrochloride is the primary metabolite of tamoxifen in humans.

L-Thyroxine sodium salt pentahydrate (Sodium levothyroxine pentahydrate) is a thyroid hormone with anticholesterol activity that inhibits the release of thyroid hormones from thyroid cancer nodules and is used in immune and endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, myxedema, cretinism and obesity. diseases, such as hypothyroidism, myxedema, cretinism and obesity.

Neomangiferin (Mangiferin 7-glucoside) has beneficial effects on high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Neomangiferin and mangiferin inhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, a biochemical marker of osteoclast function and bone resorption.

BIBB 515 is a selective and potent inhibitor of OSC in vivo with an ED50 value of 0.2-0.5 and 0.36-33.3 mg/kg in rats and mice, respectively. 2, 3-Oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) is an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of animal, plant, and fungal sterols.

CM10 is an aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A family(ALDH1A) inhibitor.

SR8278 is an REV-ERBα antagonist(EC50 = 0.47 µM), blocking activation of the receptor by the synthetic agonist GSK 4112

trans-4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic Acid is an organic intermediate.

FOY 251 is a proteinase inhibitor, and is an anti-proteolytic active metabolite camostate.

GOT1 inhibitor-1 (GOT1 inhibitor 2c) is a novel, potent and non-covalent inhibitor of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) with an IC50 of 8.2 uM.

N-Benzyllinoleamide ((9Z,12Z)-N-Benzyloctadeca-9,12-dienamide) is a natural product isolated from Lepidium meyenii Walp, has pharmaceutical property against exercise-induced fatigue.