Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and is an important intracellular element responsible for regulating numerous cellular processes. Calcium exists either as free ions or bound in complexes, such as the calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate complexes that form bone tissue. Many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, cell adhesion, hormone/neurotransmitter release, glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation/differentiation, blood coagulation, nerve or synaptic impulse transmission, and the structural support of bones, are regulated by calcium signaling. Deficiencies in the integrity of cell-specific calcium signaling systems may be associated with certain human diseases.
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