proteins

Genipin ((+)-Genipin), an active aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, is found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

Orellanine is a nephrotoxic compound extracted from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. Orellanine strongly inhibits the synthesis of macromolecules (Proteins, RNA and DNA) in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and in rat liver mitochondria.

1. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) exerts anti-metastatic potential via suppression of MMPs and Bcl-2 signaling in NSC-LC cells. 2. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. 3. Dehydrocorydaline shows antiplatelet effects, it inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a low dose ( IC50= 34.914 ug mL). 4. Dehydrocorydaline has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. 5. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

FLAG peptide, an eight-amino-acid sequence (Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys), includes an enterokinase-cleavage site and is utilized for the purification of recombinant proteins.

Praeruptorin B (Praeruptorin D), a compound found in the roots of Peuced, is an inhibitor of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) that attenuates the metastatic ability of human renal cancer cells by targeting CTSC and CTSV expression, and can be used in the study of osteoporosis.

Cortisone Acetate is a synthetic or semisynthetic analog of the naturally occurring cortisone hormone produced by the adrenal glands with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Cortisone acetate (NSC-49420) diffuses through the cell membrane and binds to nuclear glucocorticoid receptors. The receptor-ligand complex binds to promotor regions of certain genes and initiates RNA transcription. This results in an induction of synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators.

L-Isoleucine (Ile) is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Colchicine (Colcin) is a natural product that is an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization (IC50=3 nM) and blocks microtubule polymerization by binding to microtubule proteins. Colchicine can be used in the treatment of ventilation and rheumatic diseases.

Guanidine hydrochloride (Aminoformamidine Hydrochloride) is a strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

Neomycin sulfate (Framycin sulfate) is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that blocks the synthesis of bacterial proteins in order to exert antimicrobial activity. Neomycin sulfate is commonly used to screen prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for Neo resistance genes.

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial proteins. Chloramphenicol acts primarily on the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome and is active against peptidyltransferases, inhibiting the formation of peptide bonds.

Riboflavin phosphate sodium (FMN) is the sodium phosphate form of riboflavin, a water-soluble and essential micronutrient that is the primary growth promoter of the naturally occurring vitamin B complex. Riboflavin phosphate sodium is converted into 2 coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which produce energy by aiding in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and are required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and regulation of growth and reproduction in the body.

Pro-xylane (Hydroxypropyl tetrahydropyrantriol) is a C-glycoside, a xylose derivative, that stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and induces a higher deposition of proteins in basement membranes and dermal-epidermal junctions (DEJs). Pro-xylane is used to maintain skin elasticity and improve skin aging.

Proteinases are enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of proteins. Proteinases are involved in many biological functions, including the digestion of ingested proteins, the breakdown of old proteins, and cell signalling. They also facilitate the formation of new protein products.

Paeoniflorin (Peoniflorin) is a herbal constituent extracted from the root of Paeonia albiflora Pall.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

Palmitic acid (Cetylic acid) is a natural product, a common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Palmitic acid has antitumor activity.

Flavonol (3-Hydroxyflavone) is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonols. 3-hydroxyflavone can be found in a number of food items such as brassicas, pomegranate, red raspberry, and fenugreek. 3-hydroxyflavone is a chemical compound. It is the backbone of all flavonols, a type of flavonoid. It serves as a model molecule as it possesses an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effect to serve as a fluorescent probe to study membranes for example or intermembrane proteins.

L-Cystine (Cystine Acid) is not considered one of the 20 amino acids, L-Cystine (Cystine Acid) is a sulfur-containing derivative obtained from oxidation of cysteine amino acid thiol side chains. It functions as an antioxidant and protects tissues against radiation and pollution, slowing the aging process. It also aids protein synthesis. L-Cystine (Cystine Acid) is abundant in many proteins of skeletal tissues and skin, and found in insulin and digestive enzymes chromotrypsinogen A, papain, and trypsinogen.

1. Raspberry ketone (p-Hydroxybenzyl acetone) is cytotoxic to melanocytes through the binding of RK-derived quinones to thiol proteins and the pro-oxidant activity of the RK-oligomer, the exposure of human skin to RK can cause chemical occupational leukoderma. 2. Raspberry ketone is marketed on the Internet as a food supplement.

Glycerophospholipids, cephalins (Phosphatidylethanolamines (egg)) are a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamines isolated from eggs, with various fatty acyl groups at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Glycerophospholipids and cephalins can be completely hydrolyzed to obtain 1 mol of glycerol, phosphoric acid, ethanolamine and 2 mol of fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamines play a role in membrane fusion and disassembly of contractile rings during cell division, regulating membrane curvature. Phosphatidylethanolamines are able to transmit infectious prions without the help of any proteins or nucleic acids. One of the main roles of Phosphatidylethanolamines in bacterial membranes is to disperse the negative charges caused by anionic membrane phospholipids.

Myristic acid (Crodacid) , a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, is a rare molecule in cells and is a substrate of some fatty acid desaturases. This compound has the ability to acylate proteins by covalently binding to the N-terminal glycine residues, in a process called N-terminal myristoylation. Myristoylation of substrate proteins by this fatty acid has the potential to activate and mediate many physiological pathways. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids have been reported to be essential for biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and have demonstrated the ability to induce expression of COX-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

L-Leucine ((S)-Leucine) is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), L-Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. L-Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. L-Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. L-Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare.