toxin

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (D-Galactosamine HCl) hepatotoxicity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and mediated by lymphoreticular cells in mice.

Okadaic acid is a potent polyether marine toxin that accumulates in the digestive glands of marine mollusks.Okadaic acid is a highly potent and selective protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitor, inhibiting PP1, PP2A, PP3, PP4, and PP5.Okadaic acid activates Wnt β-catenin signaling in human HepaRG cells. catenin signaling in human HepaRG cells.

Okadaic acid ammonium salt, a marine toxin, serves as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP), displaying a higher affinity for PP2A (IC50 = 0.1-0.3 nM) alongside inhibitory effects on PP1 (IC50 = 15-50 nM), PP3 (IC50 = 3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC50 = 0.1 nM), and PP5 (IC50 = 3.5 nM), but does not affect PP2C. By inhibiting PPs, this compound promotes protein phosphorylation, acts as a tumor promoter, and is involved in inducing tau phosphorylation.