phosphate

Malachite green oxalate is a triphenylmethane dye which can be used to detect the release of phosphate in enzymatic reactions.

4-Methylumbelliferyl phosphate (4-MUP) (4-MUP) is used as a fluorogenic substrate of alkaline phosphatases.

4-Methylumbelliferyl phosphate disodium (4-MUP), an anionic organophosphate, serves as a fluorogenic substrate for acid and alkaline phosphatases. Additionally, this compound acts as a simulant for nerve agents [1] [2] [3].

DDAO phosphate diammonium serves as a fluorescent phosphatase substrate with a tunable excitation wavelength (600-650nm) and a long emission wavelength (λem=656nm). It is effective for detecting the activity of various enzymes including β-galactosidase, sulfatase, protein phosphatase 2A, carboxylesterase 2, human albumin, and esterase.

Naphthol AS-TR Phosphate disodium, a water-soluble dye, serves as an enzymatic substrate in biochemical assays to measure alkaline phosphatase activity. Its unique chemical properties enable hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase, resulting in a colored product detectable spectrophotometrically. This characteristic renders it valuable for assessing enzyme activity in biological samples, including serum and urine.

O-Methyl-O-(N-butylfluorescein)phosphate functions as a fluorescent dye.

ELF97 phosphate (ELFP) is a fluorescent probe for detecting calcium ions on the cell surface. It produces yellow-green fluorescence after hydrolysis as a phosphatase substrate, with excitation at 345 nm and emission at 530 nm, and does not possess cell permeability.

Fluorescein diphosphate tetraammonium is a fluorescent dye and a fluorescent phosphatase substrate that is hydrolyzed into highly fluorescent fluorescein after interaction with phosphatases.

Cyanine5-C6-DBCO is a low-toxicity azide-reactive probe (near-infrared fluorescent dye) used for imaging azide-labeled biomolecules via a copper-free click reaction. Its excitation emission wavelengths are 647 668 nm.

5-Phospho-D-ribose 1-diphosphate sodium salt hydrate (PRPP sodium salt hydrate) is a substrate for o-aminobenzoic acid phosphoribosyltransferase.

Thymolphthalein monophosphate disodium hydrate serves as a chromogenic substrate for the detection of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. During the enzymatic reaction, thymolphthalein is liberated which elevates the medium's pH, facilitating easy detection through color production and halts hydrolysis. Additionally, this compound is utilized for the specific identification of prostatic phosphatase in serum [1] [2].

Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)NHS dihexafluorophosphate, when coupled with gold nanoparticle amplification, serves as a method for lysozyme detection via electrochemiluminescence [1].

1,N6-Ethenoadenosine 5'-monophosphate sodium (1,N6-Etheno-AMP sodium), a fluorescent analog of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), serves as an effective probe for AMP-related systems due to its detectability at low concentrations. It is characterized by an excitation wavelength range of 250-300 nm and emits at 415 nm [1] [2].

Aminoallyl-UTP (5-(3-Aminoallyl)uridine-5'-O-triphosphate) is an amine-modified nucleotide utilized in affinity-tagged UTP synthesis. Its incorporation into complementary RNA (cRNA) and bacterial transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) enables the creation of fluorescently labeled probes for microarrays.

2'(3')-O-Anthraniloyladenosine-5'-O-triphosphate (2'-ANT-ATP) and its isomer 3'-ANT-ATP are fluorescent derivatives of ATP that spontaneously isomerize. Emitting a maximum light of 428 nm when excited at 330 nm in water, 2'(3')-ANT-ATP specifically inhibits several types of adenylyl cyclase (AC) including mammalian AC1, AC2, and AC5 with inhibition constants (Kis) of 130, 640, and 120 nM, respectively. It also inhibits Bordetella pertussis AC toxin CyaA with Kis of 1.3 µM (in the presence of manganese) and 20 µM (in the presence of magnesium), Bacillus anthracis AC toxin edema factor with Kis of 0.44 µM (with manganese) and 5.15 µM (with magnesium), and Escherichia coli recombinase A (RecA) with a Ki of 6.3 µM.

8-Azidoadenosine-5'-O-diphosphate (8-azido-ADP), a clickable variant of the ATP precursor and purinergic receptor ligand ADP, serves as a photoaffinity label for proteins including glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) isoproteins from bovine brains, as well as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) from rabbit reticulocytes. Radiolabeled versions of this compound facilitate the identification of these protein interactions.

2'-Deoxy-1,N6-ethenoadenosine-5'-O-triphosphate (ε-dATP), a fluorescent derivative of 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-O-triphosphate (dATP), promotes sister chromatid exchange in stimulated primary mouse spleen T- and B lymphocytes with LPS or concanavalin A at concentrations of 50 to 150 µM. Utilized in ambiguous base pairing investigations within vinyl chloride-induced mutagenesis research, ε-dATP, along with its related compound ε-ATP—which exhibits an emission peak at 415 nm after being excited at 300 nm—contributes to understanding genetic alterations mechanisms.

AZT triphosphate sodium, a labeled modified deoxyoligonucleotide (dNTP), releases pyrophosphate to generate fluorescence and is particularly utilized in gene synthesis and sequencing.

BCIP (BCIP p-toluidine salt) (BCIP p-toluidine salt) is an artificial chromogenic substrate. It is used for the sensitive colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase activity.

Carmine (Carmine red) is an azo dye derived from dried Dactylopius coccus var. Costa and is an added food coloring.Carmine causes immediate hypersensitivity and delayed systemic reactions.3-Phosphoglyceric acid (Glycerate 3-phosphate) is a glycolic acid derivative involved in glycolysis and the Calvin cycle, and in the epigenetic regulation of alveolar macrophages.

MESG, a chromophoric substrate, can be used to quantitate inorganic phosphate.

Bromo-PADAP is a dye agent utilized in research for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium(VI). This compound exhibits high sensitivity to uranium, with a molar absorptivity of its uranyl complex at 74,000 at 578 nm and pH 7.6. In the presence of mixed masking solutions, only a few ions cause significant interference. By initially extracting uranium into trioctylphosphine oxide and subsequently developing the Bromo-PADAP color in the organic phase, the method becomes specifically targeted to uranium. Detailed procedures for the determination of uranium in water, ores, phosphoric acid and phosphate rocks, thorium oxide, and zirconium oxide are provided in the text.

ε-NAADP+ is a fluorescent derivative of NAADP, known for inducing calcium mobilization. It effectively induces calcium release in sea urchin egg homogenates with an EC50 of 5 µM. The compound exhibits excitation and emission maxima at 275 nm and 410 nm, respectively. Notably, its emission intensity increases three-fold when dissolved in DMSO.

SGPL1 fluorogenic substrate is a fluorogenic substrate of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) used to measure SGPL1 activity [1].