species

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) (387-394) [Multiple species](TFA) is Elongation factor 1 subunit.eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This isoform (alpha 1) is expressed in the brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and the other isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. This isoform is identified as an autoantigen in 66% of patients with Felty syndrome. This gene has been found to have multiple copies on many chromosomes, some of which, if not all, represent different pseudogenes1.

Ferritin is a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits that is present in every cell type. Invertebrates, these subunits are both the light (L) and the heavy (H) type with an apparent molecular weight of 19 kDA or 21 kDA respectively. The ferritin fou

This Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) fragment has a peptide sequence of Lys-Tyr-Ile-His-Ser-Ala-Asn-Val-Leu. The MAP kinases are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases belonging to the CMGC (CDK/MAPK/GSK3/CLK) kinase group.

Elamipretide (MTP-131) is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that reduces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stabilizes cardiolipin, with blood-brain-barrier permeability. It is a potential therapeutic agent in the rare disease of Barnes syndrome.

L-Glutathione reduced (Glutathione) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in cells as an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges oxygen free radicals. L-Glutathione reduced is a cofactor for certain enzymes and is involved in the rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds and the reduction of peroxides.

Bactenecin is a cyclic antimicrobial peptide isolated from bovine neutrophils with potent activity against Bacterial and Fungal species.

Actinomycin X2 (Actinomycin V) is a compound synthesized by various species of Streptomyces. It displays potent inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 μg mL. Actinomycin X2 possesses potential applications in the treatment of both cancer and bacterial infections.

Aminocandin (HMR 3270), a water-soluble echinocandin class antifungal agent, exhibits exceptional efficacy against Aspergillus and Candida species [1].

Compstatin TFA, a potent inhibitor of the complement system C3 characterized by species specificity, is a 13-residue cyclic peptide. It selectively binds to baboon C3 and demonstrates resistance to proteolytic cleavage in baboon blood (similar to humans), effectively inhibiting the activation of the primate complement system. Notably, Compstatin TFA exhibits IC 50 values of 63 μM and 12 μM for the classical and alternative complement pathways, respectively [1] [2] [3].

HNGF6A TFA, a humanin analogue, enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose metabolism, offering potential for diabetes research. It also inhibits ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production under oxidative stress and may prevent endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in vivo [1] [2].

Corazonin, a highly conserved neuropeptide hormone prevalent in insects, acts as a key regulator of caste identity and behavior in social insects. It is preferentially expressed in workers and or foragers across various social insect species [1] [2].

Pinealon is a 3-amino acid peptide that shows neuroprotective properties by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and suppressing the activation of ERK 1 2. Pinealon stimulates the functional activity of the main cellular elements of brain tissue, reduces the level of spontaneous cell death, and protects rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia [1] [2] [3].

AHK, a bioactive peptide known for its antioxidant properties, has been employed as a cosmetic ingredient [1].

Palmitoyl tripeptide-38, a bioactive peptide, is renowned for its anti-aging properties [1].

Lugdunin is an antibiotic peptide that disrupts membrane potential in bacteria, demonstrating activity against Gram-positive species including S. aureus, and effectively reducing skin and nasal colonization of this pathogen. Moreover, Lugdunin stimulates the production of LL-37 and CXCL8 MIP-2 in human keratinocytes and mouse skin [1].

α-Conotoxin GID is a paralytic peptide neurotoxin that selectively antagonizes nAChR with IC50 values of 5 nM (α7), 3 nM (α3β2), and 150 nM (α4β2). This small, disulfide-rich peptide has potential for chronic pain inhibition. The presence of a C-terminal carboxylate is crucial, as substitution with a C-terminal carboxamide results in loss of activity against α4β2 nAChR. Derived from species of the genus Conus [1] [2] [3].

Octapeptide-2, a bioactive peptide, is recognized for its hair growth-promoting properties and is commonly used as a cosmetic ingredient [1].

Tetrapeptide, an α-MSH analogue, stimulates melanin production and mitigates DNA damage by attenuating reactive oxidative species generation and augmenting DNA photoproduct repair [1].

cPcAMP1 26, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits potent bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila and S. aureus by inducing depolarization of the bacterial plasma membrane and elevating intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) levels [1].

K4 peptide exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus and Marine Vibrio species [1].

Phoenixin-14 TFA (PNX-14) is a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrable neuropeptide with anxiolytic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. It modulates pituitary gonadotrophin release by enhancing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor mRNA expression and promotes insulin secretion. Additionally, PNX-14 TFA protects against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in mice and combats oxidative stress by diminishing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevating glutathione (GSH) levels [1] [2] [3].

MOG (92–106), mouse, rat, is a biologically active peptide corresponding to the fragment of amino acids 92 to 106 in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) from mice and rats. Mice subjected to MOG (92–106)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis show substantial B cell reactivity to secondary myelin antigens. Although this MOG fragment elicits only modest T cell responses, the resultant autoimmunity is profoundly severe. The peptide demonstrates encephalitogenic properties in various species, including SJL mice, DA rats, and rhesus monkeys.

Maximin 7, an antimicrobial peptide originating from the toad species Bombina maxima [1], exhibits bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties.

JV-1-36, a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonist, suppresses reactive oxygen species production in A549 lung cancer cells and serves as a research tool to investigate GHRH antagonists' effects in vitro [1].