cytokine

BAY 11-7082 (BAY 11-7821) is an NF-κB inhibitor that suppresses TNFα-induced IκBα phosphorylation (IC50=10 μM) and also inhibits the ubiquitin-specific proteases USP7 and USP21 (IC50=0.19/0.96 μM).

Salsalate (Sasapyrine) is an orally available salicylate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.

ATP disodium salt (Adenosine-Triphosphate) is a P2 purinoceptor agonist.

Aceclofenac (Preservex) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate*free acid) is a corticosteroid used as an analytical and chromatography reagent.

SM-324405 is an agonist of TLR7.

UCB-9260 inhibits TNF signaling by stabilizing an asymmetric form of the trimer.

Dexamethasone palmitate (DXP), a lipophilic prodrug of Dexamethasone, shows a 47-fold lower affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor than Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone palmitate is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and an anti-inflammatory agent.

LP99 is an epigenetic probe. LP99 disrupts the binding of BRD7 and BRD9 to chromatin in cells. LP99 is an effective and selective inhibitor of the BRD7 and BRD9 bromodomains (Kd: 99 nM against BRD9).

1. Prunetin (Prunusetin) significantly reduces serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and mortality in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. 2. Prunetin mediates anti-obesity/adipogenesis effects by suppressing obesity-related transcription through a feedback mechanism that regulates the expression of adiponectin, adipoR1, adipoR2, and AMPK. 3. Prunetin and biochanin A are potent reducers of NF-κB and ERK activation, zonula occludens 1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and metalloproteinase-mediated shedding activity, which may account for the barrier-improving ability of these isoflavones. 4. Prunetin significantly suppresses ATP-induced mucin secretion from cultured RTSE cells; Prunetin inhibits the production of MUC5AC mucin protein induced by EGF or PMA from NCI-H292 cells; Prunetin also inhibits the expression of MUC5AC mucin gene induced by EGF or PMA from NCI-H292 cells.

Olprinone (Loprinone)(Loprinone) is a selective phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor.Olprinone has been reported to improve microcirculation and attenuate inflammation. Olprinone is often used to increase cardiac output after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Physalin F is a natural blocker of CaV2.3 (R-type) and CaV2.2 (N-type) voltage-gated calcium channels.It is a secosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Physalin F induces apoptosis of PBMC, decreasing the spontaneous proliferation and cytokine production caused by Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection

Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Kaempferol-3-beta-O-glucuronide) exhibits antioxidant activity. Flavonoid glucuronides can be deconjugated by microsomal α²-glucuronidase from various human cells.

Anakinra (Raleukin) is a cytokine inactivator and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist that can be used to study secondary phagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and apoptosis-inducing activities. It inhibits the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in neutrophils and monocytes, suppresses LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and induces autophagy. It is commonly used to induce animal models of depression, muscle atrophy, and hypertension, and holds potential in COVID-19 research.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Resiniferatoxin ((+)-Resiniferatoxin) is a highly potent synthetic TRPV1 agonist that inhibits the production of Th1 cytokines and has anti-inflammatory activity, reducing serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE.

MCC950 (CP-456773) is a NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor (IC50=7.5-8.1 nM). MCC950 can be used to treat inflammatory diseases, inflammation-related tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.

Atinvicitinib, a selective Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, demonstrates high specificity for Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), consequently inhibiting downstream cytokine signaling pathways that rely on JAK1 enzymatic activity. Atinvicitinib modulates a wide range of cytokines that are implicated in itch responses, allergic reactions, and inflammatory conditions, making it a significant research tool for studying cytokine-mediated immune processes as well as therapeutic modulation of allergic and inflammatory diseases.

GSK2983559 free acid is an effective and selective inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2). GSK2983559 free acid shows excellent activity in blocking many proinflammatory cytokine responses in human inflammatory bowel disease explant samples an

DiMNF (3',4'-Dimethoxy-αNF) is a selective and potent modulator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and an AHR ligand with anti-inflammatory activity that inhibits cytokine-mediated induction of complement factor genes.

VX-702 is a highly specific p38α MAPK inhibitor, 14-fold higher selectivity for the p38α than p38β. VX-702 is a small molecule investigational oral anti-cytokine therapy for treatment of inflammatory diseases, specifically rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Rhizoferrin TFA is a protein secreted by Legionella pneumophila that is an iron carrier and can induce cytokine production, promote Fe(3+) uptake by wild-type Legionella pneumophila, and promote the growth of iron-deficient bacteria.

SB273005 is an orally active and potent nonpeptide integrin αvβ3 antagonist that inhibits αvβ3 and αvβ5 and reduces the production of Th2 cells and the cytokine IL-10 in pregnant mice.