extracellular

1-Dodecylimidazole (N-Dodecylimidazole) is a chemical compound that acts as a cytotoxic agent and lysosomotropic detergent, inducing cell death through acid-dependent lysosomal accumulation, disrupting the lysosomal membrane, and releasing cysteine proteases into the cytoplasm. It also exhibits hypocholesterolemic and broad-spectrum antifungal activities.

Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) is a glucosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units that is a component of connective tissue, skin, vitreous humour, umbilical cord, synovial fluid and the capsule of certain microorganisms contributing to adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity of extracellular substances.

C18-HSL is one of four lipophilic, long acyl side-chain-bearing N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) produced by the LuxI AHL synthase homolog SinI, involved in quorum sensing signaling in S. meliloti, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of the legume [M. sativa]. C18-HSL and other hydrophobic AHLs tend to localize in relatively lipophilic cellular environments and cannot diffuse freely through the cell membrane. These long-chain N-acylhomoserine lactones may be exported from cells by efflux pumps or transported between communicating cells via extracellular outer membrane vesicles. Quorum sensing, a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to cell density, manifests in phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers, including AHLs, which vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of carbon-carbon double bonds, conferring signal specificity through LuxR family transcriptional regulators. Regulation of bacterial quorum sensing signaling to inhibit pathogenesis represents a novel approach to antimicrobial therapy in treating infectious diseases.

Methyl α-D-galactopyranoside monohydrate, an alpha-D-galactoside featuring a methyl substituent at the anomeric position, inhibits both extracellular and intracellular α-galactosidases of Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-1 with K i values of 0.82 mM and 1.12 mM, respectively [1].

Cholesta-3,5-diene is an inflammation modulator targeting immune cells (such as neutrophils), facilitating wound healing by promoting neutrophil chemotaxis and fibroblast migration. It enhances immune cell recruitment and extracellular matrix deposition by activating chemokine receptor-mediated signaling pathways (such as PI3K Akt). Cholesta-3,5-diene can be applied topically for wound repair, showing potential therapeutic value in chronic ulcers or skin injuries.

Hyaluronic acid Methacryloyl (HAMA) is a methacrylated form of hyaluronic acid that exhibits biocompatibility. It functions as a 3D printing hydrogel ink, characterized by rapid photosensitivity, quick gelation speed, and stable hydrogel properties. Upon UV exposure, it can rapidly initiate gelation with lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP). Additionally, when combined with tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) materials, such as pancreatic extracellular matrix (pECM), Hyaluronic acid Methacryloyl serves as a crucial source material for organoid culture.

Hyaluronic acid tetrasaccharide, a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, serves as a substrate in enzymatic assays to characterize the activity of hyaluronidases and other hyaluronic acid-degrading enzymes.

Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen 28.6kDa is a synthesized form of humanized Type III collagen with a molecular weight of 28.6kDa. Known as rhCOLIII, it serves multiple biological functions, such as enhancing skin extracellular matrix regeneration and improving the cellular microenvironment. It inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Type III collagen is involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation through interactions with integrins.

Recombinant humanized type III collagen (MW 55900) is a recombinant humanized collagen protein, with a molecular weight of 55900 Da, that offers diverse biological functions, such as enhancing skin extracellular matrix regeneration and improving the cellular microenvironment. This compound inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Type III collagen plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation through interactions with integrins.

Type I Collagen, for cell culture, from Bovine, plays a critical role in the structure and function of skin, bones, and tendons. It can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is suitable for both 2D and 3D cell culture applications.

Type I Collagen, for cell culture, from Porcine, plays a crucial role in the structure and function of skin, bones, and tendons. It can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is suitable for 2D 3D cell culture applications.

Recombinant Humanized Type XVII Collagen is a transmembrane protein that forms hemidesmosomes. It facilitates interactions between stem cells, surrounding cells, and the extracellular matrix, thereby regulating skin homeostasis, aging, and wound healing. Additionally, Recombinant Humanized Type XVII Collagen has distinct cell adhesion sites and signal transduction capabilities, which can modulate cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation.

Protein A (SPA) is an immunoglobulin (Ig)-binding protein found on the bacterial surface and can be freely secreted into the extracellular environment. It binds to the Fc region of antibodies and the Fab region of B cell receptors, thereby blocking opsonophagocytosis and inducing B cell death in vitro. Protein A is capable of inhibiting opsonization and phagocytosis in vitro.

Agkistrodon halys batroxobin is a thrombin-like serine protease. It reduces the expression of Sirt1 and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in brain tissue. Additionally, this compound decreases cleaved caspase-3 expression in rats, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis (apoptosis).

Dibenzyl-14-crown-4 (6,6-Dibenzyl-1,4,8,11-tetraoxacyclotetradecane) is a crown ether derivative that acts as a neutral carrier for Li+ ions in PVC ion-selective electrodes, demonstrating selectivity for Na+ and K+ ions.

Lipopolysaccharides, fromProteus mirabilis, are endotoxins derived from the bacterium Proteus mirabilis, functioning as TLR-4 activators and featuring an S-type LPS structure. They play a role in activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and inducing cell-extracellular vesicle release. These lipopolysaccharides have a classic tripartite structure: O antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Proteus mirabilis is a primary pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections and has potential links to rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, Lipopolysaccharides, fromProteus mirabilis, exhibit promising antitumor effects, showing in vivo inhibitory activity against solid tumors such as meningeal sarcoma and Walker carcinoma.