extracellular

1-Dodecylimidazole (N-Dodecylimidazole) is a chemical compound that acts as a cytotoxic agent and lysosomotropic detergent, inducing cell death through acid-dependent lysosomal accumulation, disrupting the lysosomal membrane, and releasing cysteine proteases into the cytoplasm. It also exhibits hypocholesterolemic and broad-spectrum antifungal activities.

Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) is a glucosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units that is a component of connective tissue, skin, vitreous humour, umbilical cord, synovial fluid and the capsule of certain microorganisms contributing to adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity of extracellular substances.

Potassium hydrogen phthalate is a commonly used semi-organic salt that can be used as a buffer solution for pH calibration and to study the permeability of extracellular substances.

Collagenase, Type VI (EC 3.4.24.3) is an enzyme specialized in degrading Type VI collagen, a component found in various tissues including skin, heart, blood vessels, cartilage, and the cell membranes in synovia. Excessive activity of this enzyme can lead to extracellular matrix disorders. Additionally, Collagenase, Type VI serves as a biomarker for tumor invasion and metastasis. It acts specifically on peptide bonds between proline and glycine. Exploiting this specificity, modified electrodes can be used to rapidly and sensitively detect its concentration levels in experiments.

Collagenase Type VIII hydrolyses Type VIII collagen and can be used to study collagen metabolism processes in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Collagenase Type VIII can also hydrolyse other protein components in the extracellular matrix (ECM), making it useful for tissue dissociation and cell separation.

Alpha 2 Macroglobulin is an Alpha 2 Macroglobulin. It functions as a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor and also acts as a regulator of extracellular proteolysis, redirecting proteolysis towards small substrates. It is applicable in research related to Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, immunity, and infection.

C18-HSL is one of four lipophilic, long acyl side-chain-bearing N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) produced by the LuxI AHL synthase homolog SinI, involved in quorum sensing signaling in S. meliloti, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of the legume [M. sativa]. C18-HSL and other hydrophobic AHLs tend to localize in relatively lipophilic cellular environments and cannot diffuse freely through the cell membrane. These long-chain N-acylhomoserine lactones may be exported from cells by efflux pumps or transported between communicating cells via extracellular outer membrane vesicles. Quorum sensing, a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to cell density, manifests in phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers, including AHLs, which vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of carbon-carbon double bonds, conferring signal specificity through LuxR family transcriptional regulators. Regulation of bacterial quorum sensing signaling to inhibit pathogenesis represents a novel approach to antimicrobial therapy in treating infectious diseases.

Methyl α-D-galactopyranoside monohydrate, an alpha-D-galactoside featuring a methyl substituent at the anomeric position, inhibits both extracellular and intracellular α-galactosidases of Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-1 with K i values of 0.82 mM and 1.12 mM, respectively [1].

Cholesta-3,5-diene is an inflammation modulator targeting immune cells (such as neutrophils), facilitating wound healing by promoting neutrophil chemotaxis and fibroblast migration. It enhances immune cell recruitment and extracellular matrix deposition by activating chemokine receptor-mediated signaling pathways (such as PI3K Akt). Cholesta-3,5-diene can be applied topically for wound repair, showing potential therapeutic value in chronic ulcers or skin injuries.

Elastin, pig is a matrix protein abundantly present in the extracellular matrix, characterised by insolubility, amorphous structure, and extensive cross-linking. It provides organs and tissues with tensile and retractive capabilities and exhibits resistance to various proteases except elastase, commonly used as a biomaterial for tissue repair.

Hyaluronic acid Methacryloyl (MW 400 kDa) is a methacrylated form of hyaluronic acid that exhibits biocompatibility. It functions as a 3D printing hydrogel ink, characterized by rapid photosensitivity, quick gelation speed, and stable hydrogel properties. Upon UV exposure, it can rapidly initiate gelation with lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP). Additionally, when combined with tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) materials, such as pancreatic extracellular matrix (pECM), Hyaluronic acid Methacryloyl (MW 400 kDa) serves as a crucial source material for organoid culture.

DSPE-PEG2000-GRGDS is a PEG-based compound formed from DSPE and the anti-adhesion peptide (GRGDS). GRGDS serves to inhibit the binding and adhesion between the extracellular matrix and cell surface integrins. This compound is applicable in drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG1000-GRGDS is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the anti-adhesion peptide (GRGDS). GRGDS can inhibit the binding and adhesion between the extracellular matrix and cell surface integrins. The compound is useful for drug delivery applications.

DSPE-PEG5000-GRGDS is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the anti-adhesion peptide (GRGDS). GRGDS can inhibit the binding and adhesion between the extracellular matrix and cell surface integrins. DSPE-PEG5000-GRGDS is applicable for drug delivery.

Hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (MW 300000) (HAMA (MW 300000)) is a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) with anti-inflammatory properties that promotes cell adhesion and proliferation. This compound is extensively used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, Hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (MW 300000) (HAMA (MW 300000)) quickly forms a hydrogel.

Pullulan is a water-soluble extracellular polysaccharide derived from Aureobasidium pullulans, a linear, unbranched natural polymer with a high concentration of hydroxyl groups and oral activity. It features a unique chain pattern of two α-(1→4) and one α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds in its maltose repeat units, and is widely used in biomedical and biochemical experiments.

Recombinant Humanized Type III Collagen 28.6kDa is a synthesized form of humanized Type III collagen with a molecular weight of 28.6kDa. Known as rhCOLIII, it serves multiple biological functions, such as enhancing skin extracellular matrix regeneration and improving the cellular microenvironment. It inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Type III collagen is involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation through interactions with integrins.

Recombinant humanized type III collagen (MW 55900) is a recombinant humanized collagen protein, with a molecular weight of 55900 Da, that offers diverse biological functions, such as enhancing skin extracellular matrix regeneration and improving the cellular microenvironment. This compound inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Type III collagen plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation through interactions with integrins.

Type I Collagen (from Bovine) plays a critical role in the structure and function of skin, bones, and tendons. It can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is suitable for both 2D and 3D cell culture applications.

Recombinant Humanized Type XVII Collagen is a transmembrane protein that forms hemidesmosomes. It facilitates interactions between stem cells, surrounding cells, and the extracellular matrix, thereby regulating skin homeostasis, aging, and wound healing. Additionally, Recombinant Humanized Type XVII Collagen has distinct cell adhesion sites and signal transduction capabilities, which can modulate cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation.

Protein A (SPA) is an immunoglobulin (Ig)-binding protein found on the bacterial surface and can be freely secreted into the extracellular environment. It binds to the Fc region of antibodies and the Fab region of B cell receptors, thereby blocking opsonophagocytosis and inducing B cell death in vitro. Protein A is capable of inhibiting opsonization and phagocytosis in vitro.

Agkistrodon halys batroxobin is a thrombin-like serine protease. It reduces the expression of Sirt1 and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in brain tissue. Additionally, this compound decreases cleaved caspase-3 expression in rats, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis (apoptosis).

Dibenzyl-14-crown-4 (6,6-Dibenzyl-1,4,8,11-tetraoxacyclotetradecane) is a crown ether derivative that acts as a neutral carrier for Li+ ions in PVC ion-selective electrodes, demonstrating selectivity for Na+ and K+ ions.

Lipopolysaccharides, fromProteus mirabilis, are endotoxins derived from the bacterium Proteus mirabilis, functioning as TLR-4 activators and featuring an S-type LPS structure. They play a role in activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and inducing cell-extracellular vesicle release. These lipopolysaccharides have a classic tripartite structure: O antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Proteus mirabilis is a primary pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections and has potential links to rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, Lipopolysaccharides, fromProteus mirabilis, exhibit promising antitumor effects, showing in vivo inhibitory activity against solid tumors such as meningeal sarcoma and Walker carcinoma.