α-toxin

Lysionotin (Nevadensin) has expectorant, eliminating phlegm, softening effects.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride is a well-established experimental toxin that induces liver injury primarily by generating free radicals and depleting UTP nucleotides, and it can be used to establish lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis or acute liver injury models.

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol (Phloroglucinol dimethyl ether) as a marker of Taxus poisoning, being present in all species of Taxus. It has potent tyrosinase-inhibiting activity.

Indican (Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) is a natural protective compound that is used to protect the liver.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1).

Lyso-globotriaosylceramide is a form of globotriaosylceramide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It binds to Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) in the presence of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine but does not bind Stx2. It also reduces viability and aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at concentrations of 50 and 1 μM, respectively. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. It also accumulates in the urine, kidney, and plasma of patients with Fabry disease. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide levels decrease in response to administration of the α-galactosidase inhibitor 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin in a transgenic mouse model of Fabry disease. Decreases in plasma and urine concentrations of lyso-globotriaosylceramide have been used as a biomarker for efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and other therapies in the treatment of Fabry disease.

Morin monohydrate (oxylon pomiferum monohydrate) is a flavonoid extracted from Morus alba plant with anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, which reduces T-2 toxin-induced TNF-alpha, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3, and caspase-11 mRNA. BML-286 is a WNP-containing WNP-containing BML-286, which reduces T-2 toxin-induced TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3, and caspase-11 mRNA expression, and ameliorates T-2 toxin-induced injury by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX).