α-toxin

Lysionotin (Nevadensin) has expectorant, eliminating phlegm, softening effects.

ShK toxin, isolated from the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus), is an inhibitor of the voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv1.3 channel). It competes with dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin in binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes and promotes acetylcholine release. Additionally, ShK toxin reduces K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation [1] [2].

Vm24-toxin (Vaejovis mexicanus peptide 24) TFA is a peptide composed of 36 amino acids, known for effectively and selectively blocking Kv1.3 channels, exhibiting an affinity (Kd) of approximately 3 pM in lymphocytes. It demonstrates over 1500 times greater affinity for Kv1.3 compared to other tested potassium channels. The structure of Vm24-toxin TFA includes a twisted cystine-stabilized α/β motif, comprising a single-turn α-helix and a three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, stabilized by four disulfide bridges. Additionally, Vm24-toxin TFA can attenuate the response of CD4+ effector memory T cells to T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation.

ShK toxin TFA (Stichodactyla helianthus neurotoxin TFA) is a neurotoxin that inhibits voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv1.3 channels). This toxin can be isolated from the crude extracts of the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus). It competes with Dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin for binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes, facilitating the release of acetylcholine. ShK toxin TFA suppresses K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and also inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation.

AK-Toxin II is a host-specific toxin to Japanese white pear.

AM Toxin II is a Cyclic tetradepsipeptide isolated from Alternaria mali.

AM Toxin III is a phytotoxic peptide.

HC Toxin is a cell-permeable, reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (IC₅₀ = 30 nM). Through its effects on HDACs, HC toxin has been shown to up-regulate the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in colorectal cancer cells and induce fetal hemoglobin in human primary erythroid cells. HC Toxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide first isolated from H. carbonum (now C. carbonum), a pathogen of maize.

Scorpion toxin Tf2, a β-scorpion toxin first identified in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus fasciolatus, acts as an activator of the neuronal voltage-gated sodium (Nav) subtype Nav1.3, associated with epilepsy and nociception. It increases hNav1.3 activation voltage, prompting channel opening at resting membrane potentials [1].

Muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) is a peptide exhibiting selective, noncompetitive antagonistic activity at the muscarinic M1 receptor [1].

δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a is a selective NaV1.1 activator that induces pain and touch sensitivity, with potential applications in irritable bowel syndrome research [1].

Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3), a potent non-competitive antagonist of mAChR and adrenoceptors, exhibits pIC₅₀ values of 6.71 for M1, 8.79 for M4, 8.86 for α1A, 7.57 for α1B, 8.13 for α1D, 8.49 for α2A, <6.5 for α2B, and 7.29 for α2C receptors. MT3 notably demonstrates significant adrenoceptor activity [1].

Aa1 toxin, sourced from Androctonus australis Garzoni venom, is a neurotoxic peptide that specifically blocks potassium channels and has applications in neurological disease research [1].

MmTx2 toxin, extracted from the venom of the coral snake, serves as a modulator of the GABA A receptor, increasing its responsiveness to agonists. This property renders it a useful tool in researching neurological disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and chronic pain [1].

Micrurotoxin 1 (MmTx1 toxin) acts as an allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors, enhancing the receptor's sensitivity to its agonist [1].

Vm24-toxin, a peptide toxin isolated from the Mexican scorpion Vaejovis mexicanus smithi, serves as an inhibitor of the Kv1.3 potassium channel [1].

Ssm Spooky Toxin, derived from Scolopendra mutilans, exhibits potent lethality affecting both hematological and respiratory systems primarily through the inhibition of KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels. It demonstrates IC₅₀ values of 2.8 μM for Kv7.4, 5.26 μM for Kv1.3, and 0.1-0.3 M for the Shal channel, respectively. Additionally, this toxin impedes cytokine production by selectively targeting the KV1.3 channel in T cells and is crucial for the centipede's circulatory system functions [1] [2] [3].

Wasabi Receptor Toxin (WaTx) activates TRPA1 through prolonged channel openings while reducing Ca2+ permeability. This compound has potential applications in studying both acute and persistent pain [1].

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) serves as a T cell proliferation activator by promoting the dose-dependent in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and is used in research on inflammation, immunity, and cancer [1].

Tetanus Toxin (830–844), a biologically active peptide and a tetanus toxin-derived peptide TT830–844 CD4+ T-cell epitope, exhibits promiscuity by binding to a wide spectrum of HLA–DRB molecules. Consequently, it is anticipated to elicit CD4+ T-cell responses across a broad segment of the human population.

Cn2 toxin, a β-toxin, interacts with the voltage-sensing domain of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) [1].

Ssm Spooky Toxin TFA, found in Scolopendra mutilans, effectively inhibits the KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels. Its IC₅₀ values for Kv7.4, Kv1.3, and Shal channels are 2.8 μM, 5.26 μM, and 0.1-0.3 M, respectively. This toxin suppresses cytokine production by specifically targeting KV1.3 channels in T cells and plays a crucial role in the centipede's circulatory system.

AK-toxin I is a host-specific phytotoxic metabolite responsible for causing black spot disease in pear trees.

Tetanus toxin (830-843) from tetanus toxoid is a universal human tetanus toxin T cell epitope. It induces T-cell activation and is used as a helper peptide in vaccinations.