δ-toxin

AK-Toxin II is a host-specific toxin to Japanese white pear.

AM Toxin II is a Cyclic tetradepsipeptide isolated from Alternaria mali.

AM Toxin III is a phytotoxic peptide.

HC Toxin is a cell-permeable, reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (IC50 = 30 nM). Through its effects on HDACs, HC toxin has been shown to up-regulate the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in colorectal cancer cells and induce fetal hemoglobin in human primary erythroid cells. HC Toxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide first isolated from H. carbonum (now C. carbonum), a pathogen of maize.

Botulinum toxin type B, an antigen-specific exotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, is utilized in the study of neck dystonia. It inhibits the release of Acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction, causing relaxation paralysis or muscle weakening in the targeted muscle [1].

ShK toxin, isolated from the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus), is an inhibitor of the voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv1.3 channel). It competes with dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin in binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes and promotes acetylcholine release. Additionally, ShK toxin reduces K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation [1] [2].

Scorpion toxin Tf2, a β-scorpion toxin first identified in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus fasciolatus, acts as an activator of the neuronal voltage-gated sodium (Nav) subtype Nav1.3, associated with epilepsy and nociception. It increases hNav1.3 activation voltage, prompting channel opening at resting membrane potentials [1].

Muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) is a peptide exhibiting selective, noncompetitive antagonistic activity at the muscarinic M1 receptor [1].

δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a is a selective NaV1.1 activator that induces pain and touch sensitivity, with potential applications in irritable bowel syndrome research [1].

Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3), a potent non-competitive antagonist of mAChR and adrenoceptors, exhibits pIC50 values of 6.71 for M1, 8.79 for M4, 8.86 for α1A, 7.57 for α1B, 8.13 for α1D, 8.49 for α2A, <6.5 for α2B, and 7.29 for α2C receptors. MT3 notably demonstrates significant adrenoceptor activity [1].

Aa1 toxin, sourced from Androctonus australis Garzoni venom, is a neurotoxic peptide that specifically blocks potassium channels and has applications in neurological disease research [1].

MmTx2 toxin, extracted from the venom of the coral snake, serves as a modulator of the GABA A receptor, increasing its responsiveness to agonists. This property renders it a useful tool in researching neurological disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and chronic pain [1].

Micrurotoxin 1 (MmTx1 toxin) acts as an allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors, enhancing the receptor's sensitivity to its agonist [1].

Vm24-toxin, a peptide toxin isolated from the Mexican scorpion Vaejovis mexicanus smithi, serves as an inhibitor of the Kv1.3 potassium channel [1].

Ssm Spooky Toxin, derived from Scolopendra mutilans, exhibits potent lethality affecting both hematological and respiratory systems primarily through the inhibition of KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels. It demonstrates IC50 values of 2.8 μM for Kv7.4, 5.26 μM for Kv1.3, and 0.1-0.3 M for the Shal channel, respectively. Additionally, this toxin impedes cytokine production by selectively targeting the KV1.3 channel in T cells and is crucial for the centipede's circulatory system functions [1] [2] [3].

Wasabi Receptor Toxin (WaTx) activates TRPA1 through prolonged channel openings while reducing Ca2+ permeability. This compound has potential applications in studying both acute and persistent pain [1].

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) serves as a T cell proliferation activator by promoting the dose-dependent in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and is used in research on inflammation, immunity, and cancer [1].

Tetanus Toxin (830–844), a biologically active peptide and a tetanus toxin-derived peptide TT830–844 CD4+ T-cell epitope, exhibits promiscuity by binding to a wide spectrum of HLA–DRB molecules. Consequently, it is anticipated to elicit CD4+ T-cell responses across a broad segment of the human population.

Cn2 toxin, a β-toxin, interacts with the voltage-sensing domain of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) [1].

Ssm Spooky Toxin TFA, found in Scolopendra mutilans, effectively inhibits the KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels. Its IC50 values for Kv7.4, Kv1.3, and Shal channels are 2.8 μM, 5.26 μM, and 0.1-0.3 M, respectively. This toxin suppresses cytokine production by specifically targeting KV1.3 channels in T cells and plays a crucial role in the centipede's circulatory system.

AK-toxin I is a host-specific phytotoxic metabolite responsible for causing black spot disease in pear trees.

Tetanus toxin (830-843) from tetanus toxoid is a universal human tetanus toxin T cell epitope. It induces T-cell activation and is used as a helper peptide in vaccinations.

Tetanus toxin 830-843 acetate (Tetanus toxin 830-843 acetate (119260-99-0 free base)) from tetanus toxoid is a universal human tetanus toxin T cell epitope. It induces T-cell activation and is used as a helper peptide in vaccinations.

Tetanus Toxin (830–844) TFA is a bioactive peptide. It acts as a CD4+ T cell epitope derived from tetanus toxin (TT830–844). This hybrid CD4+ T cell epitope binds to various HLA-DRB molecules, potentially activating CD4+ T cell responses in a broad population.