toxin-ζ

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride is a well-established experimental toxin that induces liver injury primarily by generating free radicals and depleting UTP nucleotides, and it can be used to establish lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis or acute liver injury models.

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol (Phloroglucinol dimethyl ether) as a marker of Taxus poisoning, being present in all species of Taxus. It has potent tyrosinase-inhibiting activity.

Indican (Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) is a natural protective compound that is used to protect the liver.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1).

3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anisoles. 3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid (m-Methoxyphenylacetic acid), a m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (m-OHPAA) derivative, is a phytotoxin in Rhizoctonia solani. 3-Methoxyphenylacetic acid is used to develop a toxin-mediated bioassay for resistance to rhizoctonia root rot

PNU-159682, a metabolite of anthracycline nemorubicin, is a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor with excellent cytotoxicity.

Aspergillomarasmine A is a polyamine acid naturally produced by the mold Aspergillus Versicolor.

AK-Toxin II is a host-specific toxin to Japanese white pear.

AM Toxin II is a Cyclic tetradepsipeptide isolated from Alternaria mali.

AM Toxin III is a phytotoxic peptide.

Lysionotin (Nevadensin) has expectorant, eliminating phlegm, softening effects.

HC Toxin is a cell-permeable, reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (IC50 = 30 nM). Through its effects on HDACs, HC toxin has been shown to up-regulate the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in colorectal cancer cells and induce fetal hemoglobin in human primary erythroid cells. HC Toxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide first isolated from H. carbonum (now C. carbonum), a pathogen of maize.

Zearalenone (F2 toxin) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in cattle, pigs and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts.

Botulinum toxin type B, an antigen-specific exotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, is utilized in the study of neck dystonia. It inhibits the release of Acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction, causing relaxation paralysis or muscle weakening in the targeted muscle [1].

Actoxumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA), preventing the binding of TcdA to target cells and neutralizing toxin activity by inhibiting the first step of TcdA.

ShK toxin, isolated from the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus), is an inhibitor of the voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv1.3 channel). It competes with dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin in binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes and promotes acetylcholine release. Additionally, ShK toxin reduces K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation [1] [2].

Scorpion toxin Tf2, a β-scorpion toxin first identified in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus fasciolatus, acts as an activator of the neuronal voltage-gated sodium (Nav) subtype Nav1.3, associated with epilepsy and nociception. It increases hNav1.3 activation voltage, prompting channel opening at resting membrane potentials [1].

Muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) is a peptide exhibiting selective, noncompetitive antagonistic activity at the muscarinic M1 receptor [1].

δ-Theraphotoxin-Hm1a is a selective NaV1.1 activator that induces pain and touch sensitivity, with potential applications in irritable bowel syndrome research [1].

Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3), a potent non-competitive antagonist of mAChR and adrenoceptors, exhibits pIC50 values of 6.71 for M1, 8.79 for M4, 8.86 for α1A, 7.57 for α1B, 8.13 for α1D, 8.49 for α2A, <6.5 for α2B, and 7.29 for α2C receptors. MT3 notably demonstrates significant adrenoceptor activity [1].

Aa1 toxin, sourced from Androctonus australis Garzoni venom, is a neurotoxic peptide that specifically blocks potassium channels and has applications in neurological disease research [1].

MmTx2 toxin, extracted from the venom of the coral snake, serves as a modulator of the GABA A receptor, increasing its responsiveness to agonists. This property renders it a useful tool in researching neurological disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and chronic pain [1].

Micrurotoxin 1 (MmTx1 toxin) acts as an allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors, enhancing the receptor's sensitivity to its agonist [1].

Vm24-toxin, a peptide toxin isolated from the Mexican scorpion Vaejovis mexicanus smithi, serves as an inhibitor of the Kv1.3 potassium channel [1].