toxin-ζ

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride is a well-established experimental toxin that induces liver injury primarily by generating free radicals and depleting UTP nucleotides, and it can be used to establish lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis or acute liver injury models.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.

Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and apoptosis-inducing activities. It inhibits the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in neutrophils and monocytes, suppresses LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and induces autophagy. It is commonly used to induce animal models of depression, muscle atrophy, and hypertension, and holds potential in COVID-19 research.

MPTP hydrochloride is a dopamine neurotoxin and the precursor of MPP⁺. It can induce apoptosis and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and is commonly used for the construction of Parkinson's disease animal models.

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is a fluorescent anthracycline antitumor antibiotic that inhibits Topoisomerase I/II, induces apoptosis and autophagy, downregulates the AMPK signaling pathway, and is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy as well as in models of nephritis and heart failure.