e-2

Estradiol (E2) is a naturally occurring steroidal sex hormone that is essential for female fertility and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through estrogen receptor beta (ERβ).

Cucurbitacin E-2-O-glucoside (2-β-glucopyranoside) is a triterpene compound derived from the roots of Citrullus colocynthis that inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines.

(E)-2-Benzylidenesuccinic acid is commonly used in the synthesis of lignans, lignan amides and renin inhibitors.

(E)-Oct-2-enoic acid (2-Octenoate) is an organic acid produced by hepatic microsomal oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes and is a metabolite naturally present in urine and plasma.

(E)-2-Butenoic acid (Crotonic acid) is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Crotonic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Crotonic acid is also found in water extracts from carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

(E)-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid, characterized by its sweet berry-like aroma and flavor, is widely utilized in food flavoring.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

(R)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-Pyroglutamic acid) is a cyclic derivative of glutamic acid, physiologically present in mammalian tissues. It releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and exhibits anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in rats. In clinical pharmacology experiments, it significantly shortens the plasma half-life of ethanol during acute intoxication.

Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (EH-201) is a low MW inducer of erythropoietin. Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside induces expression of erythropoietin, PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and haemoglobin in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo, Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside treatment restores memory impairment, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, in SD, Aβ and KA mouse models. In the hippocampus of mice given Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in their diet, levels of erythropoietin, PGC-1α and haemoglobin were increased. Treatment with Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside might be a therapeutic strategy for memory impairment in neurodegenerative disease, physiological ageing or traumatic brain injury.

(R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-Proline) is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Proline. D-amino acids, including D-Proline, are found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva, potentially originating from bacterial sources or endogenous production via amino acid racemase activity.

Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive component in vivo, thus contributing to the immune regulatory role of fruits and herbs.

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid ((2S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) is a toxic proline analogue produced by members of the Liliaceae and Agavaciae families.

Methyl 4-bromopyrrole-2-carboxylate (4-Bromo-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrole) is a marine derived natural products found in Lissodendoryx sp.

Quinaldic acid is an endogenous metabolite.Quinaldic acid is a metal chelator.

3-O-(2'E,4'Z-Decadienoyl)ingenol, catalog number T124104, is a valuable organic compound for life sciences research.

(E/Z)-10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T124254 and the CAS number is 765-01-5.

3-O-(2'E ,4'Z-decadienoyl)-20-deoxyingenol is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T124424.

3-O-(2'E,4'E-decadienoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol is an important organic compound for life sciences research [Catalog No. T124827, CAS No. 466663-12-7].

3-O-(2'E,4'E-Decadienoyl)ingenol is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T124828.

(E)-4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T125306.

(S,E)-2-Methyl-6-(p-tolyl)hept-3-en-2-ol is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T125520.

3-O-(2'E ,4'Z-decadienoyl)-20-O-acetylingenol is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T125709.

Kaempferol-3-O-[2″,6″-di-O-E-p-coumaroyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside, an acylated kaempferol glucoside, can be extracted from the leaves of O. dentata and serves as a repellent for the fouling organism, the blue mussel M. edulis [1].

3-O-(2'E,4'E-Decadienoyl)-ingenol is a naturally occurring diterpenoid compound exhibiting cytotoxicity towards the human normal cell lines L-O2 and GES-1, with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 8.22 µM and 6.67 µM, respectively [1].