a-chain

This peptide is a fragment of the alpha-chain of insulin amino acids 1 to 13. The insulin a-chain epitope recognized by human T cells is posttranslationally modified.

PA22-2 (free acid) (Cys-Laminin A chain 2091-2108), a peptide, promotes neurite outgrowth and facilitates the formation of neuron-like processes. It is used in the culturing of human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells and the development of peptide-functionalized supported phospholipid bilayers [1] [2] [3].

PA22-2, an active biological peptide featuring the IKVAV sequence from the laminin A-chain fragment, is derived from mouse laminin alpha1 amino acid residues 2110-2127. Substrates composed of PA22-2 have been shown to facilitate neurite outgrowth.

Insulin β Chain Peptide (15-23), also referred to as INS, is an insulin-derived peptide specifically recognized by islet-associated T cells. The tetramer of Insulin β Chain Peptide (15-23) effectively stained the INS-reactive CTL clone G9C8; however, neither this tetramer nor the negative control tetramer (TUM) stained splenic CD8+ T cells from NOD or 8.3-TCRαβ transgenic NOD mice.

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide, consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. It indirectly decreases osteoclast differentiation by reducing the RANKL/OPG ratio and directly increases osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating Runx2 gene expression through MAPK pathways, thereby inducing bone formation via Runx2.

N-Oleoyl-L-Serine (N-Oleoylserine) is an endogenous long-chain fatty acid amide that is a lipid modulator of bone remodeling and stimulates osteoclast apoptosis which can be used to study osteoporosis. N-Oleoyl-L-Serine showed high activity in an osteoblast proliferation assay.N-Oleoyl-L-Serine promotes osteoclast apoptosis by inhibiting Erk1/2 phosphorylation and expression of nuclear κB ligand (RANKL) receptor activator in bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, which attenuates osteoclast populations.

Elastase from porcine pancreas is a serine protease derived from the porcine pancreas, consisting of 240 amino acid residues. It has the ability to hydrolyze proteins and peptides, can induce emphysema in hamsters, and is commonly used to establish animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

H-Glu-OtBu serves as both a non-cleavable antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) linker for ADC synthesis and an alkyl chain-based PROTAC linker for PROTAC preparation.

MLCK inhibitor peptide 18 acetate is a selective competitive inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (IC50 = 50 nM). Displays 4000-fold selectivity over CaM kinase II and does not inhibit PKA. Cell permeable.

CLIP 86-100 acetate(648881-58-7 free base) is amino acids 86 to 100 fragment of class II-associated invariant chain peptide called CLIP. The major histocompatibility complex class II molecule displays peptide fragments of foreign proteins to trigger a defensive reaction from the immune system. Before insertion of the foreign peptides into the binding groove, a place-holding peptide CLIP is removed. CLIP 86-100 acetate(648881-58-7 free base) is accomplished by the molecule DM, which is shown to increase the dissociation rate of a CLIP peptide from class II.

Iα52 acetate is a naturally processed peptide encompassed the residues 52-68 of the murine I-Eα chain and may contribute to selection of immature T cells.

D-γ-Glutamyl-D-glutamic acid acetate is a poly(γ-glutamic acid) of clusters of D- and D-glutamic acid repeating units in a linear chain.

Hemopressin (rat) acetate is a nonapeptide derived from the α1-chain of hemoglobin, is originally isolated from rat brain homogenates. Hemopressin is orally active, selective and inverse agonist of CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin exerts antinocicep

Angstrom6 (A-6 peptide) is an 8 amino acid peptide derived from single chain urokinase fibrinogen activator (scuPA) that interferes with the uPA/uPAR cascade and abrogates the downstream effects.Angstrom6 has antitumor activity and inhibits tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis by binding to CD44 and modulating CD44-mediated cell signaling.

Glycyllysine is a dipeptide. It can be used to study the interactions of the lysine side chain with copper in Glycyl-L-lysine-copper(II) complex.

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is an analog of sphingomyelin that contains ethanolamine rather than choline as the head group. It is the principal membrane phospholipid in invertebrates such as Drosophila, which lacks sphingomyelin. It is only produced in small amounts in mammalian cells, accounting for approximately 0.02 mol% of total phospholipids in mouse testis and brain. In Drosophila, CPE is biosynthesized by CPE synthase from ceramide and cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine in the Golgi lumen. In mammals, it is biosynthesized by sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in the plasma membrane and by sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In Drosophila, CPE has a role in glial ensheathment of axons. Disrupting CPE synthesis by depleting SMSr in vitro in mammalian cells leads to an accumulation of ER ceramides, which are then mislocalized to the mitochondria, inducing apoptosis. However, ceramide levels are not altered in transgenic mice lacking SMSr catalytic activity. CPEs (bovine) is a mixture of CPEs with variable N-acyl chain lengths.

H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) acetate is a chromogenic substrate based on the N-terminal fragment of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, the physiological target of thrombin. As a specific indicator of thrombin activity, it is utilized to quantify thrombin. This assay ensures high sensitivity, accuracy, and ease of execution.

H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA hydrochloride, a chromogenic substrate, mimics the N-terminal segment of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, the native substrate of thrombin. It is specific to thrombin and is used for quantifying antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III), enabling a sensitive, accurate, and straightforward AT-III assay.

H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride (S-2238 dihydrochloride), a chromogenic substrate, mimics the N-terminal fragment of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, the native substrate of thrombin. Specifically designed for thrombin detection, it is employed for quantifying antithrombin-heparin cofactor (AT-III) and is characterized by its sensitivity, accuracy, and ease of implementation.

Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(psi(Me,Me)pro)-OH is a dipeptide composed of Fmoc-protected glutamic acid with a tert-butyl ester side chain and threonine modified with a psi(Me,Me)pro residue.

Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH is a threonine derivative commonly used in Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, with the t-butyl side-chain protecting group removable under TFA treatment while remaining stable during cleavage from Wang or Rink amide resins, allowing controlled peptide assembly.

Hemopressin(rat) TFA, a nonapeptide originating from the α1-chain of hemoglobin, was first isolated from rat brain homogenates. It acts as an orally active, selective, and inverse agonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptors and demonstrates antinociceptive effects in models of inflammatory pain [1] [2].

Hemopressin TFA, a nonapeptide originating from the α1-chain of hemoglobin and initially isolated from rat brain homogenates, is an orally active, selective inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors that demonstrates antinociceptive effects in inflammatory pain models [1] [2].