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Natural Products Natural ProductsMicrobial Natural Product
Microorganisms constitute a vast group of organisms encompassing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and certain protozoa. Despite their minute size, they are ubiquitous in nature and play a vital role in natural enviroment and human health. Natural products derived from microorganisms hold significant importance in the pharmaceutical field. Several Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded for discoveries originating from this domain, such as penicillin, streptomycin, and avermectin: all of which were discovered or isolated from microorganisms. Microbial fermentation products contain diverse bioactive components including polysaccharides, enzymes, antibiotics, amino acids, and vitamins. Among these Many natural microbial, after structural optimization and chemical modification, can be developed into clinical drugs, playing vital roles in researches in the field of infection and cancer. Among these, actinomycetes represent a significant source of natural pharmaceutics, such as the antineoplastic agent Doxorubicin (T1456), the antibiotic Tetracycline (T0912L), and the immunosuppressant Cyclosporine (T6459).
Lipopolysaccharides
Cited
LPS
T11855
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.
- $45
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CitedCycloheximide Cited
Naramycin A, CHX, Actidione
T122566-81-9
Cycloheximide (Naramycin A) is a natural product . Cycloheximide‘s IC50 values for protein synthesis and RNA synthesis in vivo are 532.5 nM and 2880 nM, respectively. Cycloheximide inhibits ferroptosis and autophagy and is an antifungal antibiotic.
- $71
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CitedRapamycin Cited
Sirolimus, NSC-2260804, AY 22989
T153753123-88-9
Rapamycin (AY 22989) is a natural product of macrolides, an mTOR inhibitor with specificity (HEK293 cells: IC50=0.1 nM). Rapamycin has immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy.
- $30
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CitedG-418 disulfate Cited
Geneticin sulfate, Geneticin, G418 Sulfate, Antibiotic G-418 sulfate
T6512108321-42-2
G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that selectively inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by blocking peptide chain elongation.
- $30
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CitedDoxorubicin hydrochloride Cited
NSC 123127, Hydroxydaunorubicin hydrochloride, DOX hydrochloride, Adriamycin HCl
T102025316-40-9
Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.
- $34
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CitedPuromycin dihydrochloride Cited
Puromycin 2HCl, CL13900 dihydrochloride
T221958-58-2
Puromycin dihydrochloride (CL13900 dihydrochloride) is a cinnamamide adenosine antibiotic and an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Puromycin dihydrochloride inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA and has antitumor and antitrypanosomal activity.
- $30
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CitedDeferoxamine Cited
Desferrioxamine B, Deferoxamine B
T12435870-51-9
Deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine B) is an iron chelator. Deferoxamine can be used to reduce the accumulation and deposition of iron in tissues. Deferoxamine can improve neurological dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. It has antioxidant, anti-proliferation and anti-tumor activities, and can induce the production of HIF-1α, apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. It can be used to treat acute iron toxicity and COVID-19 related diseases.
- $58
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CitedTrichostatin A Cited
TSA
T627058880-19-6
Trichostatin A (TSA), a natural derivative of diene isohydroxamic acids, is a specific and reversible histone deacetylase inhibitor (IC50=1.8 nM) that induces hyperacetylation of core histones to regulate chromatin structure.
- $86
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CitedStaurosporine Cited
CGP 41251, Antibiotic AM-2282, AM-2282
T668062996-74-1
Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6/15/2/3/3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.
- $56
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CitedDoxycycline Cited
Vibramycin, Doxytetracycline, Doxycyclinum, Doxiciclina
T1687564-25-0
Doxycycline is an orally active tetracycline antibiotic with broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), possessing both antibacterial and antitumor activities, and is commonly used in inducible gene expression ON-OFF systems.
- $30
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Cited2-Deoxy-D-glucose Cited
NSC 15193, D-Arabino-2-deoxyhexose, Ba 2758, 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose, 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose
T6742154-17-6
2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is an analog of glucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose has antiviral activity, as well as inhibitory cell proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activity.
- $33
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CitedBlasticidin S HCl
T649113513-03-9
Blasticidin S HCl is a natural product and an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Blasticidin S HCl is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can inhibit the cell growth of prokaryotes, fungi, plants and mammalian cells.
- $30
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Hygromycin B Cited
Hygrovetine
T102231282-04-9
Hygromycin B (Hygrovetine) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by interfering with translocation and causing mistranslation by the 70S ribosome. It is commonly used for the selection of cells transfected with the hph or hyg resistance gene.
- $35
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CitedL-Lactic acid
L-(+)-Lactic acid, 2-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACID, (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
T484579-33-4
L-Lactic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid) is a natural product produced by the anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvic acid. L-Lactic acid is a sensitive indicator of tissue hypoxia and can be used as a hemodynamic indicator in critically ill patients.
- $41
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Vancomycin Cited
T86411404-90-6
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis in susceptible bacteria. It also alters cell membrane permeability and selectively inhibits RNA synthesis. Vancomycin is commonly used to treat severe infections resistant to other antibiotics and is frequently employed in experimental studies to induce kidney injury models.
- $30
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CitedAmpicillin Cited
D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin, Ampicillin acid, Aminobenzylpenicillin, Amcill
T0814L69-53-4
Ampicillin (Aminobenzylpenicillin) is a semi-synthetic penicillin belonging to the β-lactam group of antibiotics. Ampicillin has bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- $42
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CitedBrefeldin A Cited
Decumbin, Cyanein, BFA, Ascotoxin
T606220350-15-6
Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.
- $34
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CitedLeptomycin B
LMB, CI 940
T1573587081-35-4
Leptomycin B (LMB) is a potent inhibitor of the nuclear export of proteins and is a potent antifungal antibiotic blocking the eukaryotic cell cycle. Leptomycin B inactivates CRM1/exportin 1 by covalent modification at a cysteine residue.
- $213
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Doxycycline (hyclate) Cited
WC2031, Doxycycline hydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate, Doxycycline hyclate
T1687L24390-14-5
Doxycycline (hyclate) is an orally active tetracycline antibiotic with broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), possessing both antibacterial and antitumor properties, and is commonly used in inducible gene expression ON-OFF systems.
- $41
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CitedEnterobactin
Enterochelin
T950128384-96-5
Enterobactin (Enterochelin) is a high-affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems.
- $148
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Arachidonic acid Cited
Vevodar, Immunocytophyte, Immunocytophyt, arachidonate
T4129506-32-1
Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acid that serves as a major component of biological membranes and animal phospholipids. It is synthesized from dietary linoleic acid and acts as a precursor to lipid mediators such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Arachidonic acid can improve cognitive responses and cardiovascular function and is commonly used to induce paw edema models.
- $39
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CitedRifampicin Cited
Rimactane, Rifamycin AMP, Rifampin
T068113292-46-1
Rifampicin (Rifamycin AMP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Rifampicin has a strong antibacterial effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is also effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and viruses.
- $45
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CitedCyclosporin A Cited
Cyclosporine A, Cyclosporine, Ciclosporin
T094559865-13-3
Cyclosporin A is a natural product and an active fungal metabolite, classified as a cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant. It binds to cyclophilin and inhibits the activity of calcineurin (IC₅₀ = 7 nM) as well as CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules. It is commonly used to induce uremia models.
- $34
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CitedAtpenin A5
T9714119509-24-9
Atpenin A5 is a potent and highly specific complex II inhibitor (IC50 ~10 nM), as well as an effective mKATP channel agonist and cardioprotective agent [1].
- $255
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