neuronal

Adenosine (D-Adenosine) is a natural product, a ribonucleoside consisting of adenine bound to ribose. Adenosine has vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic and analgesic effects.

Spinosad is a naturally-occurring insecticide found in the the soil bacterium S. spinosa. It is a mixture of the macrocyclic lactones spinosyn A and spinosyn D, which act as agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs).

Anhydrosafflor yellow B ((2S,3S)-6,7-dihydroxy-5-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2-[(1S,2R,3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl]-3-{2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-6-oxo-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1), isolated from Carthamus tinctorius, inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation, exhibits significant anti-oxidative effects in vitro, and possesses certain activity against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity.

6PPD-Q (6PPD-Quinone) is an environmental pollutant that can target CNR2, CNR1, AA2AR, LCAT and TRPA1. Among them, CNR2 has the highest binding affinity and may act as a CNR2 receptor agonist to activate cannabinoid receptors. 6PPD-Q can damage the sperm quality and induce the impairment of male reproductive ability in mice. 6PPD-Q can induce intestinal inflammation and barrier damage by disrupting mitochondrial function, reducing neuronal glycolytic metabolites and TCA cycle intermediates, and exacerbating α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation.

Protectin D1 (Neuroprotectin D1) is a neuroprotectin produced by neuronal cells and is a potential cardioprotective agent.Protectin D1 attenuates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and inhibits imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation by modulating the PI3K AKT signaling pathway.

Galanthamine hydrobromide (Galantamine hydrobromide), a long-acting and centrally active AChE inhibitor (IC50:410 nM), is an allosteric potentiator at neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors.

Thiamine nitrate (Vitamin B1 nitrate) is an essential vitamin, and can enhance normal neuronal actives.

Thiamine monochloride (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin with erythropoietic, glucose-regulatory, antioxidant, and mood-regulatory properties. It inhibits lead-induced lipid peroxidation, preventing lead poisoning, and plays a crucial role in cellular energy production from ingested food while enhancing normal neuronal activity.

Nerolidol (Peruviol) shows sedative effects in animals, oxidative process plays a crucial role on neuronal pathological consequence. Nerolidol is mainly related to ROS and DNA single strand breaks generated by the presence of oxidative lesions.

1. Oxyresveratro can inhibit tyrosinase activity. 2. Oxyresveratro is useful to trauma models, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis. 3. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) has antioxidant activity, can reduce neuronal oxidative damage and protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with activation of Nrf2.

Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (EH-201) is a low MW inducer of erythropoietin. Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside induces expression of erythropoietin, PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and haemoglobin in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo, Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside treatment restores memory impairment, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, in SD, Aβ and KA mouse models. In the hippocampus of mice given Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in their diet, levels of erythropoietin, PGC-1α and haemoglobin were increased. Treatment with Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside might be a therapeutic strategy for memory impairment in neurodegenerative disease, physiological ageing or traumatic brain injury.

4-tert-Octylphenol, an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic properties, notably induces apoptosis in offspring mouse brain neuronal progenitor cells. This compound decreases levels of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), mitotic marker Ki67, and phospho-histone H3 (p-Histone-H3), thereby diminishing the proliferation of neuronal progenitors. Consequently, 4-tert-Octylphenol adversely affects brain development and behavior in mice.

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) is an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, including rice. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of various tumor cells. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) protects monocytes against statin-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium.

Polygalasaponin F has anti-neuroinflammatory activity, can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and NO induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and reduce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases. Polygalasaponin F can significantly i

Lobeline hydrochloride (α-Lobeline hydrochloride) is a nicotinic receptor agonist, acting as an effective antagonist at both α4β2 and α3β2 neuronal nicotinic receptor subtypes.

Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide(DHβE) is a potent, oral active and competitive antagonist of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Dihydro-β-carotene hydrobromide showed selectivity to α4β4 and α4β2nAChR, with IC50 of 0.19 and 0.37 μM,

Aloenin B, a compound isolated from the leaves and roots of Aloe vera, has neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neuronal death in HT22 cells.

In the central nervous system, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol is a second endogenous cannabinoid ligand

delta-Valerobetaine is a precursor of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO).

In the CA3 hippocampal region, Palmitone against pentylenetetrazole-caused neuronal damage.

Trans-Clovamide (trans-Clovamide) is a naturally occurring caffeoyl conjugate identified in the antioxidant polyphenolic fraction of cocoa (T. cacao L.) Trans-Clovamide is a potent antioxidantand that has shown neuroprotective effects (EC50s = 0.9-3.7 µM) in several in vitro models of neuronal death. Trans-Clovamide is an excellent ROS and oxygen radical scavenger and also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Clovamide is an anti-microbial with activity against the human pathogens influenza A subtype H5N1, Trypanosoma evansi, and Heliobacter pylori.

Orsellinic acid, a compound obtained by treatment of Lecanoric acidy with alcohols, inhibits platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated neuronal apoptosis.

PE(18:1(9Z) 0:0) is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid and an analog of plasmalogen lysophosphatidylethanolamine. PE(18:1(9Z) 0:0) induces transient increases in intracellular calcium in PC12 rat neuronal cells in a concentration-dependent manner. PE(18:1(9Z) 0:0) increases the production of IL-4 and IL-2, but not IFN-γ. In mouse serum, PE(18:1(9Z) 0:0) (1 μg animal) induces the T helper 2 response. PE(18:1(9Z) 0:0) levels increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue in mice following three-day cold exposure.

Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is a chalcone constituent of Angelica keiskei, has potent anti-inflammatory activity, possible can ameliorate neuronal injury in brain diseases associated with inflammation.