sars-cov

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Emodin (Frangula emodin) is a naturally occurring anthraquinone present in the roots and barks of numerous plants; exerts antiproliferative effects in Y cells that are regulated by different signaling pathways.

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Punicalagin is a major ellagitannin found in pomegranates that is reported to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated accumulation of cardiac triglyceride and ch

Andrographolide (Andrographis)(Andrographis), an irreversible antagonist of NF-κB, has anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activities and potential antineoplastic.

Ivermectin (MK-933) is an activator of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) with antiparasitic activity.

Cepharanthine (NSC-623442) is a natural alkaloid that inhibits TNF-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, and platelet aggregation, as well as cytokine production. Cepharanthine exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities.

SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro), crucial for the virus's replication and transcription in host cells, with an IC50 value of 72.07 nM. Given its significant role in processing viral polyproteins, M pro is regarded as a key target in drug discovery efforts. Consequently, SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 holds promise for COVID-19 research.

Hydroxyaloin A (10-10-Hydroxyaloin A) is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating significant efficacy in binding to the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) [1].

Antcin-B exhibits a high-affinity inhibition of 3CLPro, which is potentially significant in SARS-CoV-2 research [1].

Euryachin E is an antimicrobial and antiviral agent identified from Eurya chinensis. It shows a MIC of 6.25 μg mL against B. cereus, a MIC of 0.78 μg mL against S. aureus, and an IC50 of 6.41 μM against COVID-19. Euryachin E is applicable in research related to infections and inflammation.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

2-Hydroxycinnamic acid is a natural product isolated from Angraecum fragrans, has photooxidant activity.

Mizoribine (NSC-289637) belongs to the family of 1-Ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. Mizoribine has been investigated for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) is a natural compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge used for treating of cardiovascular diseases.

Scutellarein (6-Hydroxyapigenin) reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting Src kinase activity.

Kansuinine B inhibits Stat3 activation induced by IL-6. Kansuinine B exhibits anti-viral activity and could be used in COVID-19 research.

Chebulagic acid, isolated from the Terminalia chebula Retz, is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor.

Aplidine possesses antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2(IC90 = 0.88 nM). Aplidine is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 Alpha 2(EEF1A2, Kd = 80 nM).

4'-O-Methylbavachalcone (O-Methylbroussochalcone B) is isolated from Psoralea corylifolia, inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) papain-like protease (PLpro) activity (IC50: 10.1 μM).

1. Arteannuin B has potent antimalarial activity.

Leupeptin hemisulfate is a protease inhibitor with cell membrane-permeable, reversible, competitive, and oral activities. Leupeptin hemisulfate inhibits the activity of Cathepsin B, Cathepsin H, and Cathepsin L, and blocks fusion of amphipathic lysosomes. Leupeptin hemisulfate also has anti-inflammatory activity.

Hemin (Hemin chloride) is a chlorinated iron-containing porphyrin, a heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer. Hemin has therapeutic activity in porphyrias by reducing heme deficiency in patients, thereby inhibiting δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity through biochemical feedback.