conjugate

Maleimide (2,5-Pyrroledione) (2,5-Pyrroledone) is a new nanoparticle surface functional group which favors easy conjugation with cell penetration peptides. The conjugation is enabled via click chemistry to preserve its biofunctions.

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid (Lithocholylglycine) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid, a bile acid. It is increased in livers of mice that are fed diets supplemented with ursadeoxycholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid levels are decreased in lean mice treated with obestatin. Serum glycolithocholic acid levels increase with age in children.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

Cinnamoylglycine, a glycine conjugate of cinnamic acid and a urinary metabolite in humans, is used as a potential urinary biomarker.

Levothyroxine acyl glucuronide (Thyroxine Acyl-β-D-glucuronide) is the acyl glucuronide conjugate of thyroxine (T4), an endogenous metabolite.

Trans-Clovamide (trans-Clovamide) is a naturally occurring caffeoyl conjugate identified in the antioxidant polyphenolic fraction of cocoa (T. cacao L.) Trans-Clovamide is a potent antioxidantand that has shown neuroprotective effects (EC50s = 0.9-3.7 µM) in several in vitro models of neuronal death. Trans-Clovamide is an excellent ROS and oxygen radical scavenger and also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Clovamide is an anti-microbial with activity against the human pathogens influenza A subtype H5N1, Trypanosoma evansi, and Heliobacter pylori.

Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

DL-Glutamic acid, the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, serves as a crucial metabolite. In comparison to the α and β polymorphs of L-Glutamic acid's second phase, DL-Glutamic acid exhibits enhanced stability[1].

γ-Amanitin, an ADC (antibody-drug conjugate) cytotoxin isolated from mushrooms, inhibits RNA polymerase II, disrupting mRNA synthesis. It exhibits effects akin to those of α-Amanitin and β-Amanitin.

β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate (ABA-GE) is a hydrolyzable conjugate of abscisic acid (ABA) that predominantly accumulates in the vacuole and likely in the endoplasmic reticulum. The deconjugation of β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate enables a swift release of free ABA in response to abiotic stress factors such as dehydration and salt stress, playing a crucial role in maintaining ABA homeostasis.

Estrone sulfate potassium is an estrogen ester and conjugate, a natural endogenous steroid.

Luisol A, an aromatic tetraol and anthraquinone antibiotic analog, serves as a significant metabolite produced by an estuarine marine actinomycete from the genus Streptomyces. Additionally, it functions as an ADC (Antibody-Drug Conjugate) cytotoxin [1].

Taurodeoxycholic acid (Taurodeoxychloic acid) is a bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid, a human metabolite that stabilizes mitochondrial membranes and reduces the formation of free radicals.Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking calcium-mediated apoptotic pathways and by activation of caspase-12. Taurodeoxycholic acid has neuroprotective activity and has been used to study 3-nitropropionic acid-induced or stabilized hereditary Huntington's chorea (HD).

4-Hydroxyphenylpropionylglycine, a metabolite derived from the conditionally essential amino acid tyrosine, is synthesized through a process involving aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities, with subsequent modifications by gut microbiota and glycine conjugation. Additionally, it serves as a metabolite of the phenol phloretin.

Cyclic GMP is an endogenous second messenger that initiates interferon production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. It activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), triggering a signaling cascade that results in the production of type I interferons and other immune mediators. The conjugate of cyclic GMP and AMP, known as Cyclic-GMP-AMP, can induce the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, thereby enhancing antiviral immune responses. Additionally, Cyclic GMP may activate PDE to degrade cAMP, inhibit the myocardial calcium current ICa, and regulate cardiac contractility. The derivative 8-Br-cGMP exhibits antiplatelet activity, and Cyclic GMP is used in research related to antiviral immunity and cardiovascular diseases.