cell membrane

FM4-64 (SynaptoRedTM C2) is a stylane-based dye that is largely non-fluorescent in aqueous solution. FM4-64 cannot passively diffuse into the cell interior after binding to the plasma membrane bilayer and must be transported across the membrane by active transport. FM4-64 can be used to study endocytosis exocytosis and vesicle trafficking.

PKH 26 is a red-fluorescent membrane dye, Ex Em=551 567 nm.PKH 26 is commonly used in flow cytometry to measure T cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.

CFSE (CFDA-SE) is a fluorescent dye with cell membrane permeability. CFSE irreversibly binds to intracellular proteins in living cells and is used for the detection of cell proliferation. The labeled cells fluoresce in green color with excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength of 518 nm.

MitoSOX Red is a novel fluorescent probe that is specific and cell membrane-permeable and targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is oxidized by superoxide upon entry into the mitochondria and is not oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in the mitochondrion and produces a strong red fluorescence.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevents the oxidation of MitoSOX Red.

DiSC3(5) is a lipophilic cationic fluorescent probe sensitive to changes in membrane potential. 3,3'-Dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide accumulates in hyperpolarized cell membranes, leading to fluorescence quenching; when the membranes are depolarized, the dye is released from the cells and the fluorescence intensity is enhanced, which is used for real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential changes and membrane hyperpolarization. The maximum excitation emission wavelength was 622 670 nm.

NBD-PE is a lipid dye used primarily as a probe to study lipid organisation and dynamics within cell membranes and also to study membrane fusion by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), Ex=463 nm, Em=536 nm.

Laurdan (6-Dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene) is a fluorescent membrane probe that is spectrally sensitive to the phospholipid phase of the cell membrane to which it binds.

DiI (DiIC18(3)) is a lipophilic membrane dye commonly used as a long-term tracer for neurons and other cells. DiI fluoresces very weakly before it enters the cell membrane, and only after it enters the cell membrane can it be excited to emit a strong orange-red fluorescence (λex=549 nm, λem=565 nm).

H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) belongs to the class of green fluorescent dyes and is a probe for the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex/Em=488/525 nm) with cell membrane permeability.

5(6)-CFDA (5-(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is a cell-permeant esterase substrate that can serve as a viability probe that measures both enzymatic activities, which is required to activate its fluorescence, and cell-membrane integrity, which is required for intracellular retention of their fluorescent product.

The PNT sensor PS3 is an innovative fluorescent peroxynitrite (PNT) sensor characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity. It primarily accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell membrane, where it produces fluorescent products through oxidative cleavage by PNT.

BQ7876 is a probe that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and contains a DOTA chelator. After radiolabeling with radionuclides (177Lu), BQ7876 specifically binds to PSMA, serving both in radionuclide imaging and tumor cell destruction. It shows potential for research in the field of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). BQ7876 can also be utilized in the synthesis research of radionuclide conjugated drugs (RDC).

Asante potassium green-1 AM is a membrane-permeable, acetoxymethyl (AM) ester-form fluorescent potassium indicator that emits in the yellow-green spectrum.Asante potassium green-1 AM is specifically tailored to measure dynamic changes in potassium ion concentrations in intracellular and extracellular environments characterized by high potassium concentrations, as it possesses a lower potassium binding affinity compared to other indicators like IPG-2 and IPG-4.

pGk13a is an amphiphilic membrane labeling probe containing azido groups (which can bind with fluorophores). It enables high-resolution imaging of cell membranes in ultra-micro expansion microscopy (umExM), aiding in the observation of membrane-associated structures and proteins. pGk13a is applicable in studies of neuronal structures.

FITC-PEG-CHOL (MW 2000) is a fluorescent dye composed of FITC, PEG, and cholesterol (Cholesterol), commonly used in cell membrane studies, liposome and nanoparticle modifications, and biomolecule labeling (Ex/Em = 488/525 nm).

Calcein Blue AM is a live cell labeling dye that permeates the cell membrane. Upon entering cells, intracellular esterases cleave the ester group of acetoxymethyl (AM), producing Calcein Blue fluorescent dye that is impermeable to cell membranes.

XTT is a cell-impermeable, negatively charged tetrazolium dye that produces a water-soluble formazan when reduced at the cell surface by cellular-derived NADH and an electron mediator [1,2]. It is frequently used in colorimetric assays to measure cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis [3].

Endoplasmic reticulum dye 1 is a highly effective live cell imaging agent used to detect exocytotic events at the plasma membrane. The compound exhibits minimal cytotoxicity and is resistant to photobleaching, making it ideal for visualizing short- and long-term processes.

Octadecyl Rhodamine B chloride, also known as RBOE, is a polarity-sensitive dye that is often used as a chromophore with other compounds to stain cell membranes and has applications in the assembly of organic molecules, in membrane structures and in the transfer of electron energy in the structural domains of proteins.

Zinquin ethyl ester is a cell membrane-penetrating and selective fluorescent probe for zinc ions that measures intracellular levels of Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) ions and can be used to stain early embryos.

Pyrromethene 556 (PM556) is a green-fluorescent polar tracer dye used in studying membrane fusion, lysis, gap-junctional communication, and in monitoring cell and liposome volume changes.

DiSBAC10, a voltage-sensitive fluorescent probe, facilitates cell membrane electrical activity investigation in FRET assays. At rest, it populates the membrane's outer leaflet, accepting photons from excited fluorescein-labeled proteins and emitting them at higher wavelengths. Upon cell depolarization, DiSBAC10 quickly translocates to the inner leaflet, increasing fluorophore separation and diminishing the FRET signal.

BTCy, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe, exhibits polarity-sensitive and cell plasma membrane-targeting characteristics. It is applicable for in vivo tumor tissue imaging (λ ex = 561 nm, λ em = 600-700 nm) [1].

5-CFDA-AM is a cell-permeable esterase substrate used as an active probe to evaluate enzyme activity and cell membrane integrity. Electroneutral and able to enter cells at lower concentrations than CFDA, it undergoes intracellular hydrolysis by esterases to produce carboxyfluorescein, which possesses an extra negative charge, enhancing cellular retention [1].