Cell membrane

FM4-64 (SynaptoRedTM C2) is a stylane-based dye that is largely non-fluorescent in aqueous solution. FM4-64 cannot passively diffuse into the cell interior after binding to the plasma membrane bilayer and must be transported across the membrane by active transport. FM4-64 can be used to study endocytosis exocytosis and vesicle trafficking.

CFSE (CFDA-SE) is a fluorescent dye with cell membrane permeability. CFSE irreversibly binds to intracellular proteins in living cells and is used for the detection of cell proliferation. The labeled cells fluoresce in green color with excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength of 518 nm.

PKH 26 is a red-fluorescent membrane dye, Ex Em=551 567 nm.PKH 26 is commonly used in flow cytometry to measure T cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.

DiI (DiIC18(3)) is a lipophilic membrane dye commonly used as a long-term tracer for neurons and other cells. DiI fluoresces very weakly before it enters the cell membrane, and only after it enters the cell membrane can it be excited to emit a strong orange-red fluorescence (λex=549 nm, λem=565 nm).

DiO (DiOC18(3)) is a fluorescent lipophilic tracer and can be widely used to label cells, organelles, liposomes, viruses, and lipoproteins.

DiD perchlorate is a lipophilic cyanine dye.

Laurdan (6-Dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene) is a fluorescent membrane probe that is spectrally sensitive to the phospholipid phase of the cell membrane to which it binds.

DiR iodide (DiR iodide [1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide]) is an important near infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye, which has been widely used for in vivo monitoring of cells.

TMA-DPH, a hydrophobic fluorescent membrane probe (Ex: 355 nm; Em: 430 nm), is used for studying membrane dynamics and structure.

Octadecyl Rhodamine B chloride, also known as RBOE, is a polarity-sensitive dye that is often used as a chromophore with other compounds to stain cell membranes and has applications in the assembly of organic molecules, in membrane structures and in the transfer of electron energy in the structural domains of proteins.

DiOC5(3) is a lipophilic and membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dye commonly used for staining mitochondria in live cells. DiOC5(3) can also selectively label leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) and inhibit proliferation, leading to excessive ROS production and inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation.

TMRM is a cell-permeant cationic lipophilic red fluorescent dye (λex: 530 nm, λem: 592 nm).

RH 795 is a fast-acting, voltage-sensitive dye [1].

3,3'-Diheptyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC7(3)) is a green membrane potential probe with excitation and emission wavelengths of 450-490 nm and 510-520 nm, respectively. It is useful in quantifying vascular densities [1].

DiIC16(3), a long-chain carbocyanine dye, is extensively utilized for labeling cells, organelles, liposomes, viruses, and lipoproteins [2].

ANTS, a fluorescent dye, along with DPX, encapsulated in liposomes, provides an effective approach for measuring membrane leakage [1].

Di-4-ANEPPS, a voltage-sensitive dye, is utilized for detecting membrane potential changes, offering a time resolution under 1 ms and fluorescence variations up to 10% per 100 mV. Widely used for cardiac electrical activity mapping, Di-4-ANEPPS also shows a marked irreversible impact on both spontaneous heart rate and ventricular impulse conduction within an isolated rabbit heart model [1].

5-Dodecanoylaminofluorescein, a lipophilic fluorescent probe conjugated with a free fatty acid derived from fluorescein, is used to analyze membrane fluidity and assess the critical micelle concentration of detergents. Additionally, it serves as a precursor in the synthesis of hydrophobic nanospheres suitable for drug delivery [1] [2] [3].

7-Methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid may be used as a reference compound in the purification, separation and analysis of coumarin compounds.

DiI iodide1 is one of lipophilic fluorescent stains for labeling membranes and other hydrophobic structures. The fluorescence of these environment-sensitive dyes is greatly enhanced when incorporated into membranes or bound to lipophilic biomolecules such as proteins although they are weakly fluorescent in water.

3-Morpholinobenzanthrone serves as a fluorescent membrane probe, characterized by higher excited-state dipole moment values compared to those in the ground-state [1].

'3,3'-Dipropylthiacarbocyanine (iodide) serves as a multifunctional dye, essential across various domains ranging from scientific research to clinical diagnostics. In biological experiments, these dyes facilitate the observation and analysis of cell structures, tracking of biomolecules, evaluation of cell functions, differentiation of cell types, detection of biomolecules, examination of tissue pathology, and monitoring of microorganisms. Beyond their scientific and medical applications, they are integral to industries like textile dyeing, functional textile processing, food pigmentation, and the development of dye-sensitized solar cells.

DiSC18(3) is a carbocyanine dye that is lipophilic and used for membrane labeling [1].

DOPE-CF, a pH-sensitive fluorescent membrane-labeled probe with a fluorescein moiety, is a weak acid with a highly fluorescent conjugated base, capable of binding to phospholipid ethanolamine lipids [1].