precursor

2-Ketoglutaric acid is a key molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycle,is also connected to glutamic acid and glutamine metabolisms through the transamination reactions.

Succinic acid (1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid) is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. It is a prodrug converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine, stimulating dopaminergic receptors and compensating for depleted endogenous dopamine in Parkinson's disease. To ensure adequate concentrations reach the central nervous system, levodopa is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing peripheral decarboxylation and increasing CNS dopamine delivery.

Isophorone is a clear liquid that smells like peppermint. It can be dissolved in water and evaporates somewhat faster than water.

Sclareol glycol, a diterpene diol, is utilized as a precursor in the synthesis of ambroxide. It is characterized by a specific stereochemistry at its (3S,6R,8aS)-configurations, with two hydroxyl groups attached at the [2R,3aR,6S,8aR]-octahydro-3a,6,6,8a-tetramethyl-2-(1-methylethyl) perhydrophenanthrene framework.

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (Cortexone acetate) is the 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone, used for intramuscular injection for replacement therapy of the adrenocortical steroid.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyte) is an unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

DL-Tyrosine is a natural product.

Terephthalic acid, an isomer of the three phthalic acids, serves as a precursor to the polyester PET, which is utilized in manufacturing plastic bottles and clothing.

Olivetolic acid (OLA) is a precursor of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa and has shown anticonvulsant activity in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome.Olivetolic acid has potential antimicrobial activity.

5-hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is the immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine (Ac-Tyr-OH) is a side chain reaction of tyrosine. It converts to tyrosine and then can be used in neurotransmitter treatment as a precursor of cathecholamine.

2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium (AKG) is a key molecule in the TCA cycle. It can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

Pregnenolone acetate is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. It acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. It can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication

Phosphorylcholine chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate (Phosphocholine chloride calcium salt tet) is a small haptenic molecule, is found in a wide variety of organisms. Human hepatic tumors undergo an elevation in the concentration of phosphorylcholine as the principal metabolic change is observed (PMID: 11076016 ). Phosphorylcholine chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate is the precursor metabolite of choline in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathways (KEGG, map00260) and in intermediate between choline and cytidine-diphosphate choline in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway (KEGG, map00564).

The main uses of Benzoin (Benzoylphenylcarbinol) are as a precursor to benzil, which is a photoinitiator.

It is an isomer of cresotinic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid) and oxymethylbenzoic acid (2-methoxybenzoic acid). Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase. It is also present in certain skin care products, is an intermediate molecule in the production of other biochemicals, may be used as an analytical reagent and is a precursor in the manufacture of dyes. Mandelic acid (acidomandelico) is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

DL-Mevalonolactone, a human endogenous metabolite, is the δ-lactone form of mevalonate, a precursor of the mevalonate pathway. It reduces mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), Ca2+ retention and NAD(P)H levels in the brain, and also induces mitochondrial swelling.DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress, and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential.

Guaiacol (2-Methoxyphenol) is a precursor to various flavorants, such as eugenol and vanillin. Its derivatives are used medicinally as an expectorant, antiseptic, and local anesthetic. It also can be used as an indicator in chemical reactions that produce oxygen. When oxygen binds to it, the complex turns yellowish brown and absorbs light maximally at about 470 nm.

Adipic acid is a precursor for the production of nylon.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

Nicotinamide riboside chloride, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

Thymidine (DThyd) is a cell synchronizing agent and a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid. Thymidine inhibits DNA synthesis and can cause cell cycle arrest in the G1 S phase.