sars cov-2

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Punicalagin is a major ellagitannin found in pomegranates that is reported to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated accumulation of cardiac triglyceride and ch

Leupeptin hemisulfate is a protease inhibitor with cell membrane-permeable, reversible, competitive, and oral activities. Leupeptin hemisulfate inhibits the activity of Cathepsin B, Cathepsin H, and Cathepsin L, and blocks fusion of amphipathic lysosomes. Leupeptin hemisulfate also has anti-inflammatory activity.

Hemin (Hemin chloride) is a chlorinated iron-containing porphyrin, a heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer. Hemin has therapeutic activity in porphyrias by reducing heme deficiency in patients, thereby inhibiting δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity through biochemical feedback.

Viscidulin III (Ganhuangenin) is present in Scutellaria baicalensis and acts as an α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Gallocatechin gallate is a flavonoid compound isolated from South American snake plant, with antiviral activity by inhibiting the entry and release stages of pseudorabies virus replication.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (Acetyl L-carnitine hydrochloride) is a nutritional supplement composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the acetylated form of the endogenously produced L-carnitine, with potential neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, anti-depressive and immunomodulating activities. It may also relieve peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, diabetes or other diseases. In addition, acetyl-L-carnitine may modulate the immune response by increasing T-lymphocytes maturation and may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It may also disrupt the ACE2 signaling pathway and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Emodin (Frangula emodin) is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor with a selective IC50 of 186 and 86 nM against 11β-HSD1 in humans and mice, respectively. Emodin has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Emodin can improve metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese mice.

Silymarin is a natural polyphenolic flavonolignan mixture extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum. It can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and improve insulin resistance, thus being widely used in liver disease-related research and adjuvant applications. Studies have shown that silymarin exhibits inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and it has potential research value in the mechanism-related studies of COVID-19.

2-Hydroxycinnamic acid is a natural product isolated from Angraecum fragrans, has photooxidant activity.

Ecteinascidin 770 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting cancer cell viability through RDRP1 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1).

Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Gedunin is an Hsp90 inhibitor, and inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation.

1. Arteannuin B has potent antimalarial activity.

SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro), crucial for the virus's replication and transcription in host cells, with an IC50 value of 72.07 nM. Given its significant role in processing viral polyproteins, M pro is regarded as a key target in drug discovery efforts. Consequently, SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 holds promise for COVID-19 research.

NK007 is a novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent with an EC50 value of 30 nM.

(±)-Alliin is a derivative of cysteine and a natural component of fresh garlic that can be converted into allicin by alliinase.

Dihydromaniwamycin E, a heat-shock metabolite, exhibits antiviral activity against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses [1].

Maniwamycin E, a derivative obtained from the culture extract of the thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. JA74, exhibits antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza (H1N1) virus [1].

Ipomoeassin F, a selective and potent inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein translocation, targets the Sec61 complex's pore-forming subunit (Sec61α) at the ER membrane. It inhibits the ER membrane translocation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and blocks the ER translocation of secretory and type I transmembrane proteins (TMPs), without affecting type III TMPs [1] [2] [3].

Hydroxyaloin A (10-10-Hydroxyaloin A) is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating significant efficacy in binding to the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) [1].

Antcin-B exhibits a high-affinity inhibition of 3CLPro, which is potentially significant in SARS-CoV-2 research [1].

Urolithin M5 (Decarboxyellagic acid) is a neuraminidase inhibitor isolated from olive leaves with antiviral and anticancer and antitumor activities. Urolithin M5 can be used to study influenza A virus infection and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Arjunetin (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Arjunetin. Arjunetin, a natural product isolated from Terminalia arjuna, exhibits binding affinity for SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrates potential antiviral activity.