tissues

Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, natural n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues.

Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina (particularly the macula) and has antioxidant activity that may improve obesity, prevent age-related macular degeneration, and protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine B) is an iron chelator. Deferoxamine can be used to reduce the accumulation and deposition of iron in tissues. Deferoxamine can improve neurological dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. It has antioxidant, anti-proliferation and anti-tumor activities, and can induce the production of HIF-1α, apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. It can be used to treat acute iron toxicity and COVID-19 related diseases.

AK-1690 is a potent and selective STAT6 PROTAC degrader that induces degradation of STAT6 proteins in cells (DC50=1 nM) and depletes STAT6 proteins in mouse tissues, which can be used in cancer research.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agent, a murine STING agonist, and an inducer of cytokines such as type I IFN. Vadimezan has antitumor activity and induces a rapid cessation of blood flow in tumors without affecting blood flow in normal tissues.

2-Iodomelatonin is a potent agonist of melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) with a Ki value of 28 pM, exhibiting over 5-fold selectivity for MT1 compared to MT2. It can be used to identify, characterize, and localize melatonin binding sites in the brain and peripheral tissues.

BM152054 is a potent PPARγ ligand that induces glucose utilization in peripheral tissues by enhancing insulin action.

1-((3R,4S)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-(phenylsulfonyl)chroman-4-yl)pyrrolidin-2-one is an isomer of Rilmakalim, a potassium channel opener (PCO), which can activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the heart or other tissues

Copper histidine inhibited Ctr1-mediated cellular uptake of oxaliplatin in vitro without altering oxaliplatin accumulation of platinum or neurotoxicity in DRG tissues in vivo. Copper histidine is administered orally for the treatment of Menkes disease.

Oxmetidine (SKF 92994) is a novel H2 receptor antagonist that is cytotoxic. Oxmetidine inhibits transmembrane calcium flux in cardiac and vascular tissues and is used in the treatment of active duodenal ulcers.

Taurine (2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid) is an organic acid widely distributed in animal tissues and is one of the constituents of bile acids. Taurine is involved in a number of processes related to energy expenditure and muscle function, and can treat fatigue and muscles as well as improve immune function.

Urethane (Ethyl carbamate; Ethylurethane) is a byproduct formed during the fermentation process of various foods. As an ethyl ester of carbamic acid, it has the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, sea urchin eggs, protozoa, and plant tissues, and is commonly used for establishing lung cancer models.

Bicalutamide (ICI-176334), a synthetic, nonsteroidal antiandrogen, competitively binds to cytosolic androgen receptors in target tissues, thereby inhibiting the receptor binding of androgens.

D-Glucuronic acid lactone (Dicurone) is a naturally occurring chemical that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues. Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.

Xanthine (Isoxanthine) is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the Xanthine oxidase enzyme. Xanthine is found in most body tissues and fluids in various organisms. Biologically Xanthine is produced from guanine by cypin (guanine deaminase). Furthermore, Xanthines act as antagonists for adenosine receptors, with selectivity depending on whether there are substitution of alkyl groups.

1-Aminohydantoin hydrochloride is a significant metabolite of furantoin in animal tissues. It binds covalently to tissue proteins, is released under slightly acidic conditions, and can be detected by derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde forming a nitrophenyl derivative of AHD. It is used in assays to determine veterinary drug residues in meat and milk.

L-Carnitine (L(-)-Carnitine) is an amino acid derivative. L-Carnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an orally active metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted into dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and holds potential in Parkinson’s disease research, and it can also be used to induce Parkinson’s disease models.

Niacin (Nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP.

Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is a synthetic salicylic acid derivative with affinity for elastin-containing connective tissues and formulated as a prodrug. Sulfasalazine induces iron death and inhibits NF-κB, TGF-β and COX-2.

Cyproterone acetate (Cyproterone 17-O-acetate) binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. Cyproterone acetate is the acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels.Cyproterone binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. Cyproterone Acetate is the acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels.

Retinol (Alphalin) and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

Erdosteine (RV 144) is a homocysteine-derived thiol derivative with mucolytic and free radical scavenging properties. Erdosteine and its metabolites modulate mucus production and viscosity, by which facilitating mucociliary transport and improving expectoration. This agent also suppresses the chemical-induced cough reflex as well as protects lung tissues from damages caused by cigarette smoking mediated through free radicals scavenging.