neurons

Bilobalide ((-)-Bilobalide), a bioactive from Gingko Biloba, is active on hypoxia-induced alterations.

Salidroside is a bioactive phenolic glycoside compound isolated from Rhodiola rosea and is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor. Salidroside can alleviate cachexia symptoms in a tumor cachexia mouse model by activating mTOR signaling and protect dopaminergic neurons by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy. Salidroside can also inhibit the growth of cancer cells by regulating the CDK4-cyclin D1 pathway to block the G1 phase and/or regulating the Cdc2-cyclin B1 pathway to block the G2 phase.

N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid, synthesized in neurons from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl coenzyme A. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid has antioxidant activity.

Harmaline hydrochloride (Harmidine hydrochloride) is a fluorescent indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the partially hydrogenated form of harmine.Harmaline produces a generalized tremor in normal rats by inducing rhythmic firing of inferior olivary neurons

Chlorahololide D is a natural lindane-type sesquiterpene dimer and selective potassium channel blocker that stimulates reactive oxygen species ROS levels to cause cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, modulates Bcl-2 and Bax and FAK, thereby inhibiting MCF-7 cell growth and triggering apoptosis. Chlorahololide D inhibits tumor proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in in vivo experiments and has anti-breast cancer potential.

Caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside (Linocaffein), a glycosylation product of Caffeic acid, reverses Aβ25-35-induced axonal atrophy and induces axonal regeneration in mouse cortical neurons, and can be used in Alzheimer's disease research.

Succinyl phosphonate is a selective α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDHC ) and OGDHC inhibitor that inhibits α-ketoglutarate oxidative decarboxylation. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt inhibits glutamate-induced ROS generation in glutamate-stimulated hippocampal neurons and can be used to study neurodegenerative diseases.

Umbellulone is a natural product isolated from Umbellularia californica, and stimulates the TRPA1 channel in a subset of peptidergic, nociceptive neurons, activating the trigeminovascular system via this mechanism.

Veratridine is a benzoate-cevane found in Veratrum and Schoenocaulon. It activates sodium channels to stay open longer than normal.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (PB-005) influences the migration of neurons, arborization of dendrites, and formation of new synapses.

Brevetoxin B is a polyketide neurotoxin produced by Karenia species and other dinoflagellates. It binds to site 5 on the alpha subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (IC50 = 15 nM) on neurons at the neuromuscular junction, causing the channel to open irreversibly at potentials more negative than normal, discharging action potentials repetitively. Brevetoxin B is ichthyotoxic at nanomolar concentrations and is responsible for an illness described as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.

The acyl amides are a family of endogenous lipids that act as potent modulators of pain and inflammation. The best characterized members of this family are the arachidonoyl amides, which includes N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide). N-palmitoyl glycine (PalGly) contains an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid that is amide-linked to glycine and is structurally similar to the phospholipid-derived N-acyl ethanolamines. Endogenously produced in rat skin and spinal cord, PalGly is present in 100-fold greater amounts in skin and 3-fold greater in brain compared to AEA. Injection of 0.43 μg PalGly in rat hindpaw inhibits heat-induced firing of nociceptive neurons in rat dorsal horn. PalGly treatment induces transient calcium influx in native dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and in the PTX-sensitive, DRG-like cell line F-11 (EC50 = 5.5 μM).

Aspergillimide is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from A. japonicus.1 It reduces nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) peak and slowly-desensitizing amplitudes induced by acetylcholine in silkworm (B. mori) larval neurons (IC50s = 20.2 and 39.6 nM, respectively) but has no effect on chicken α3β4-, α4β2-, and α7-containing nAChRs.2 Dietary administration of aspergillimide A (10 μg/g of diet) induces paralysis in silkworm fourth instar larvae.1 Aspergillimide A (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduces T. colubriformis fecal egg count in gerbils.3References1. Hayashi, H., Nishimoto, Y., Akiyama, K., et al. New paralytic alkaloids, asperparalines A, B and C, from Aspergillus japonicus JV-23. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(1), 111-115 (2000).2. Hirata, K., Kataoka, S., Furutani, S., et al. A fungal metabolite asperparaline a strongly and selectively blocks insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: The first report on the mode of action. PLoS One 6(4), e18354 (2011).3. Banks, R.M., Blanchflower, S.E., Everett, J.R., et al. Novel anthelmintic metabolites from an Aspergillus species; the aspergillimides. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 50(10), 840-846 (1997). Aspergillimide is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from A. japonicus.1 It reduces nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) peak and slowly-desensitizing amplitudes induced by acetylcholine in silkworm (B. mori) larval neurons (IC50s = 20.2 and 39.6 nM, respectively) but has no effect on chicken α3β4-, α4β2-, and α7-containing nAChRs.2 Dietary administration of aspergillimide A (10 μg/g of diet) induces paralysis in silkworm fourth instar larvae.1 Aspergillimide A (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduces T. colubriformis fecal egg count in gerbils.3 References1. Hayashi, H., Nishimoto, Y., Akiyama, K., et al. New paralytic alkaloids, asperparalines A, B and C, from Aspergillus japonicus JV-23. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(1), 111-115 (2000).2. Hirata, K., Kataoka, S., Furutani, S., et al. A fungal metabolite asperparaline a strongly and selectively blocks insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: The first report on the mode of action. PLoS One 6(4), e18354 (2011).3. Banks, R.M., Blanchflower, S.E., Everett, J.R., et al. Novel anthelmintic metabolites from an Aspergillus species; the aspergillimides. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 50(10), 840-846 (1997).

Jatrorrhizine chloride (Neprotine chloride) is a potent and orally active uptake-2 transporter inhibitor. It exhibits a critical neuroprotective role in H2O2-induced apoptosis via inhibition of the MAPK pathway in HT22 hippocampal neurons.

Smilagenin is an orally active inducer of nonpeptide neurotrophic factor. It also prevents and reverses neuronal damage induced by MPP+ in mesencephalic neurons, and by MPTP in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

3'-Methoxypuerarin shows neuron protection activity, it can protect hippocampal neurons against ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis. 3'-Methoxypuerarin(3'- Methoxy Puerarin) has antioxidant activities, it shows ONOO(-) scavenging activity and weak NO· and O(2)(-) scavenging activities.

Sciadopitysin may prevent the development of diabetic osteopathy, it exerts its therapeutic effects via upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.Sciadopitysin shows protective effects on antimycin A-induced toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, it may

(+)-Sparteine (sulfate pentahydrate) is a ganglion blocker that competitively inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neurons.

1. Rhynchophylline (Mitrinermine) can protect against ischemic damage, probably via regulating the Akt/mTOR pathway. 2. Rhynchophylline can protect against glutamate-induced neuronal death, can inhibit MA impairment in cultured neurons in vitro. 3. Rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline have a non-competitive antagonistic effect on the NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, suggest that these alkaloids exert their protective action against ischemia-induced neuronal damage by preventing NMDA, muscarinic M1, and 5-HT2 receptors-mediated neurotoxicity during ischemia.

1. Praeruptorin C has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases. 2. Praeruptorin C partially protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family. 3.

Streptomycin (Agrept) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces, a blocker of stretch-activated and mechanically-sensitive ion channels in neurons and cardiomyocytes, with anti-tuberculosis activity. It strongly binds to nucleic acids, interferes with protein synthesis, and can be used to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.

Conantokin G TFA, a 17-amino-acid peptide, is a potent, selective, and competitive antagonist of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, inhibiting NMDA-evoked currents in murine cortical neurons at an IC50 of 480 nM, and exhibiting neuroprotective properties [1] [2].

Gangliotetraose (Gg4), a tetrasccharide, predominantly comprises GM1 and its sialylated derivatives, which play a crucial role in modulating nuclear Ca2+ efflux and maintaining lower nuclear Ca2+ levels in differentiated neurons. Moreover, GM1 influences neuronal plasticity, repair mechanisms, and neurotrophin release in the brain [1] [2].

Ganglioside GM1 is one of the major sphingolipids (GSLs) on the cell surface of the central nervous system (CNS), which is protective of the CNS and is used in the study of neurological disorders.Ganglioside GM1 exerts protection against glutamate excitotoxicity through its oligosaccharides in wild-type and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons.