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SB-431542 is an inhibitor of ALK5 TGF-β type I Receptor (IC50=94 nM) and is selective. SB 431542 also has inhibitory activity against ALK4 and ALK7 but not other proteins. SB 431542 can be used for induced differentiation of stem cells.

LDN193189 (LDN-193189) (DM 3189) is a selective BMP signaling inhibitor, inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ALK2 and ALK3 (IC50s: 0.8 0.8 5.3 16.7 nM for ALK1 2 3 6).

Dorsomorphin (BML-275) is an AMPK inhibitor (Ki=109 nM) that is selective and ATP-competitive. Dorsomorphin inhibits the BMP type I receptors ALK2, ALK3, and ALK6. Dorsomorphin induces autophagy, and possesses antitumor activity.

Pirfenidone (AMR69) inhibits the production of CCL2 and CCL12 in fibroblasts and also decreases TGF-β2 protein levels. Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that is commonly used in studies related to pulmonary fibrosis and also has anti-inflammatory activity.

Galunisertib (LY2157299) is a TGF-β receptor type I (TGF-βRI) inhibitor (IC50=56 nM) that is selective. Galunisertib has antitumor activity and can be used in combination with PD-1 inhibitors.

A 83-01 (ALK5 Inhibitor IV) is an inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptors ALK5, ALK4, and ALK7 (IC50=12 45 7.5 nM). A 83-01 promotes the reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs. A 83-01 can be used in organoid cultures.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a colorless amine oxide produced from choline, betaine, and carnitine via intestinal microbial metabolism that accumulates in tissues of marine animals and prevents the protein-damaging effects of urea.Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation through activation of ROS NLRP3 inflammasomes, which can induce fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis.

RepSox (ALK5 Inhibitor II) is a TGFβR-1 ALK5 inhibitor that selectively inhibits the binding of ATP to ALK5 and the autophosphorylation of ALK5 (IC50=23 4 nM). RepSox induces adipogenesis in MEFs cells.

Hesperetin belongs to the flavanone class of flavonoids. Hesperetin, in the form of its glycoside hesperidin, is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges.

Monocrotaline (Crotaline) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from the seeds of the Crotalaria plant. Monocrotaline has certain cellular activity against HepG2 cells and can induce pulmonary hypertension in rodents.

LDN-212854 (BMP Inhibitor III), a novel BMP inhibitor, exhibits greater selectivity for BMP versus the TGF-β type I receptors; possesses differences towards ALK2(IC50=1.3 nM) versus ALK1 3 compared to other inhibitors.

BIX02189 is a selective inhibitor of MEK5 with IC50 of 1.5 nM.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Safflomin A) inhibits adipogenesis by increasing HSL promoter activities, effectively protects the liver from long-term alcohol injury by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the expression of TGF-β, prevents steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head by inhibiting primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, and exhibits anti-tumor effects.

Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (BML-275 2HCl) is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor (Ki: 109 nM) and does not exhibit significant activity on structurally related kinases.

R-268712 is a specific activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor(IC50 of 2.5 nM). It is also an orally active transforming growth factor-β type I receptor inhibitor.

ML347 (LDN 193719)(DN193719) is a highly specific ALK1 2 inhibitor ( IC50: 46 32 nM), and the selectivity for ALK2 is >300-fold than ALK3.

Astragaloside II (Astrasieversianin VIII) is an effective MDR reversal agent and may be a potential adjunctive agent for hepatic cancer chemotherapy. Astragaloside II also induces osteogenic activities, differentiation, proliferation, and mineralization, through the bone morphogenetic protein-2 MAPK and Smad1 5 8 pathways.

TGFβ1-IN-1 is an orally active TGF-β1 inhibitor that inhibits the production of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic markers (α-SMA and fibronectin) and can be used for the study of cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Fresolimumab (GC1008) is a specific human anti-transforming growth factor β monoclonal antibody that binds to the active forms of human TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 and can be used to study focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and cancer in adults.

Ponsegromab (PF 06946860) is a selective and effective humanized anti-GDF15 antibody inhibitor with anti-cachexic activity. It binds to GDF15, preventing its interaction with GFRAL and disrupting GDF15 GFRAL mediated signaling. Ponsegromab has potential anticancer activity and can be used to treat cancer patients with cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome.

Ascrinvacumab (PF-03446962) is a highly humanized IgG2 monoclonal antibody against ALK-1 with a Kd value of 7 nM for human ALK1. It has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β and can be used to study hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Elezanumab(ABT-555) is a potent human anti-RGMa monoclonal antibody.Elezanumab exerts its inhibitory effect on RGMa-mediated BMP signaling through the SMAD1 5 8 pathway, with an IC50 of approximately 97 pM.Elezanumab promotes neuroregeneration, neuroprotection, and neural restoration in models of neuronal injury and demyelination. Elezanumab promotes the growth of corticospinal axons into spinal gray matter and enhances serotonergic innervation in the ventral horn, forming synaptic connections in the caudal part of cervical lesions.

Carotuximab (DE-122) is a novel endocholine antibody with strong antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity. Carotuximab blocks endothelial glycoprotein (CD105) and its downstream Smad signaling pathway. Carotuximab has immunomodulatory and antitumor effects to prevent human endothelial dysfunction induced by hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia.

Sotatercept (ACE-011) is an activin receptor type IIA-Fc (ActRIIA-Fc) fusion protein and inhibitor of activin signaling.Sotatercept can be used in the study of pulmonary arterial hypertension.