dose-dependent

MCL0020 is a potent and selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist (IC50 values are 11.63, 1115, and >10,000 nM at MC4, MC3, and MC1 receptors, respectively). It significantly reverses stress-induced anorexia without affecting food intake in free-feeding rats and exhibits anxiolytic-like activity in vivo.

Obestatin is a 23 amino acid peptide hormone with a conserved C-terminal glycine residue and amidation site that is formed by cleavage of the ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide.1It binds to the orphan receptor GPR39 (Kd= 1 nM) and stimulates cAMP production in CHO and HEK293 cells overexpressing human GPR39. Obestatin inhibits contraction of isolated mouse jejunum muscle strips induced by ghrelin .In vivo, obestatin (12.5-1,000 nmol/kg) suppresses food intake in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduces body weight gain and gastric emptying in mice. Obestatin (0.22 g per animal) also reduces food intake and glucose response without affecting plasma insulin responses in fasted high-fat diet fed mice.2 1.Zhang, J.V., Ren, P.C., Avsian-Kretchmer, O., et al.Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intakeScience310(5750)996-999(2005) 2.Subasinghage, A.P., Green, B.D., Flatt, P.R., et al.Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptidesPeptides31(9)1697-1705(2010)

Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011). Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4 References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011).

Adrenomedullin (13-52) is a truncated form of adrenomedullin (1-52) . It induces nitric oxide-dependent relaxation of and inhibits release of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 from isolated rat aorta. In vivo, adrenomedullin (13-52) decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously and renal hypertensive rats in a dose-dependent manner. Adrenomedullin (13-52) (10-3,000 ng per animal) reverses increases in lobar arterial pressure induced by U-46619 in a dose-dependent manner in cats but has no effect on basal lobar arterial pressure or systemic arterial pressure. It also potentiates inflammatory edema and neutrophil accumulation in rats.

Obestatin (human) is an endogenous ligand for G-protein eurythmic entity 39 formed by shearing of preproghrelin, which inhibits feeding in a dose-dependent manner, and can be used in the study of obesity.

GLP-1 secretion by human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells is augmented in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of CPE.

ND1-YL2 is a peptide-based PROTAC®Degrader of steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1; also known as nuclear receptor coactivator 1, NCOA1). ND1-YL2 is composed of a stapled peptide that binds SRC-1 (YL2) joined by a linker to a tetrapeptide that binds UBR box domains. Upon ternary complex formation, SRC-1 is polyubiquitinated and subsequently degraded via the N-degron pathway. This Degrader induces dose-dependent degradation of SRC-1 in the MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line (DC50 = 10 μM), and binds to the PAS-B domain of SRC-1 (Ki = 320 nM). ND1-YL2 inhibits MDA-MB-231 cell migrationin vitro, and suppresses metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cellsin vivo.

Galantide TFA, a reversible and non-specific antagonist of the galanin (GAL) receptor, demonstrates dose-dependent inhibition of galanin-induced K+ conductance, exhibiting an IC50 value of 4 nM. It is utilized in neurological disease and hormone metabolism research [1] [2].

GIP (1-30) amide, human acetate is a fragment of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), an incretin hormone that plays a crucial role in stimulating insulin secretion and mitigating postprandial glycemic excursions. This compound has been shown to enhance insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner across concentrations of 10^-9 to 10^-6 M [1].

Beinaglutide, a recombinant human GLP-1 (rhGLP-1) polypeptide, exhibits nearly complete homology with human GLP-1 (7–36). It demonstrates dose-dependent effects in improving glycemic control, reducing food intake, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting weight loss. This compound shows promise for research into overweight/obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) [1] [2].

Cdk2/Cyclin Inhibitory Peptide II (Tat-LDL), a CDK2 inhibitor, exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on U2OS osteosarcoma cells [1].

m3-Huwentoxin IV (m3-HwTx-IV) is a potent inhibitor of sodium channels (NaV), with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 3.3 nM for hNaV1.7, 6.8 nM for hNaV1.6, 7.2 nM for hNaV1.3, 8.4 nM for hNaV1.1, 11.9 nM for hNaV1.2, and 369 nM for hNaV1.4 in the QPatch assay. It also alleviates spontaneous pain in a rodent model induced by the NaV1.7 activator OD1 in a dose-dependent manner [1].

Xenin-8 TFA, a biologically active C-terminal octapeptide derived from the 25-amino acid peptide Xenin of the neurotensin/xenopsin family, enhances basal insulin secretion and amplifies glucose-stimulated insulin release in a dose-dependent manner (EC50=0.16 nM) [1].

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) serves as a T cell proliferation activator by promoting the dose-dependent in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and is used in research on inflammation, immunity, and cancer [1].

Tityustoxin-Kα (TsTx-Kα) inhibits potassium voltage-gated channels, causing a dose-dependent blockade of the sustained outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons [1].

NN1177, a long-acting GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist, exhibits a dose-dependent reduction in body weight among diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and has potential applications in the study of weight loss and metabolic regulation [1].

L17E, a cationic amphiphilic peptide with endosomolytic properties, selectively disrupts the membranes of late endosomes (LEs) in an acidic environment and prevents TS5-p45-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. This peptide is internalized by cells and directed to LEs, where it compromises LE integrity and facilitates the release of their contents into the cytosol. L17E serves as a tool for probing the endosomal protein trafficking pathway [1].

ATV041, an orally active compound that combines features of Ibuprofen and nucleotide analogues, enhances the oral pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and tissue distribution, exhibiting anti-mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) activity. The compound demonstrates a dose-dependent reduction in viral load, tissue damage, and virus-induced inflammation [1].

Tianeptine metabolite MC5, an active derivative of the atypical antidepressant tianeptine produced through β-oxidation, exhibits selective G protein activation in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays. Utilizing HEK293T cells expressing the human μ-opioid receptor (MOR) over the human δ-opioid receptor (DOR; EC50s = 0.454 and >100 µM, respectively), it demonstrates specificity. Moreover, this metabolite reduces immobility in wild-type mice during the forced swim test at a dose of 30 mg/kg, an effect not observed in MOR knockout mice, suggesting its antidepressant-like activity is MOR-dependent.

Cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) (128-153) is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from amino acids 128-153 of chicken CATH-2, demonstrating activity against pathogens such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and B. globigii in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 40 µM, it induces hemolysis in chicken erythrocytes without exhibiting cytotoxicity towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, it stimulates the production of the chemokine CCL2 and suppresses LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in human PBMCs.

EPI-X4, an endogenous peptide fragment of human serum albumin (amino acids 408-423), serves as an antagonist to the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4). It effectively prevents calcium mobilization and receptor internalization triggered by chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) in HEK293 cells with CXCR4 expression, at concentrations between 0.8 and 1,000 µM. Moreover, EPI-X4 hampers the CXCL12-driven migration of both Jurkat T cells and human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. In an acute allergic airway hypereosinophilia mouse model, EPI-X4 intrinsically decreases Cxcr4-dependent inflammatory cell infiltration in airways at a dose of 16 µmol/kg. Additionally, increased urinary EPI-X4 levels, inversely related to glomerular filtration rate (GFR), are observed in chronic kidney disease patients, indicating its potential biomarker role.

Carperitide acetate (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (1-28), human, porcine Acetate), a 28-amino acid hormone, is naturally produced and released by the human heart upon cardiac injury or mechanical stretch. This compound effectively inhibits the secretion of endothelin-1 in a dose-dependent manner.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (18-39), also known as the Corticotropin-like Intermediate Lobe Peptide, stimulates insulin secretion as well as amylase and protein secretion in a dose-dependent manner similar to secretin and carbamylcholine.

Potent and selective melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptor agonist (IC50 values are 0.58 and 55 nM for human MC4 and MC3 receptors respectively). Produces a rapid and dose dependent restoration of cardiovascular and respiratory function in hemorrhage-shocked rats