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Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its antimicrobial activity by altering the permeability of cell membranes and selectively inhibiting ribonucleic acid synthesis. Vancomycin can be used for the treatment of serious infections for which all antibiotics have failed.

Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 1 mg ml) is a potent immunoadjuvant that incorporates heat-killed, inactive Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria into a paraffin-in-water emulsion. It significantly enhances the immune response of animals to antigens and acts as an inducer of Th1 immune responses and a ligand for TLRs (Toll-like receptors). CFA is effective in stimulating strong and long-lasting immune responses and is commonly used to induce rheumatoid arthritis in rats in experimental models.