antineoplastic

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent with antitumor activity and is a classic DNA crosslinker. It inhibits DNA synthesis and induces DNA damage in cancer cells by forming DNA adducts, ultimately leading to cell death. In addition, Cisplatin can activate ferroptosis and induce autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to establish models of chronic kidney injury and acute renal failure.

Urethane (Ethyl carbamate; Ethylurethane) is a byproduct formed during the fermentation process of various foods. As an ethyl ester of carbamic acid, it has the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, sea urchin eggs, protozoa, and plant tissues, and is commonly used for establishing lung cancer models.

Tamoxifen Citrate is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that blocks estrogen activity in breast cells while activating estrogen signaling in cells such as those of the bone, liver, and uterus. As an Hsp90 activator, it enhances the ATPase activity of the Hsp90 chaperone complex, induces autophagy and apoptosis, and can be used to generate gene knockout models in CreER(T2) transgenic mice as well as liver injury models.

Busulfan is an alkylating antineoplastic agent derived from dimethane sulfonate, with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties. It primarily acts by forming carbonium ions in vivo, which induce cross-linking between DNA strands or between DNA and proteins, leading to DNA damage, inhibition of DNA replication, and suppression of RNA transcription. In addition, Busulfan can inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce apoptosis. It is commonly used as a myeloablative agent in preconditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation and can also be used to establish anemia models.

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is a fluorescent anthracycline antitumor antibiotic that inhibits Topoisomerase I/II, induces apoptosis and autophagy, downregulates the AMPK signaling pathway, and is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy as well as in models of nephritis and heart failure.