biosynthesis

Velutin shows the strongest inhibitory effect in NF-κB activation and exhibits the greatest effects in blocking the degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB as well as in inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Velutin has anti-inflammatory property. Velutin exhibits the greatest potency among all flavones which reduce TNF-α and IL-6 production.

Angiotensin II human (Ang II) is a biologically active peptide, a vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II interacts with AT1R and AT2R to regulate blood pressure, stimulate sympathetic nerves, and increase aldosterone biosynthesis and renal activity in humans.

Cycloheximide (Naramycin A) is a natural product that reversibly inhibits translation elongation, is an antimitotic compound, and is an inhibitor of DNA and protein synthesis.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyte) is an unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

Trimyristin (Tritetradecanoin) is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and adiposome. glyceryl trimyristate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, glyceryl trimyristate is involved in the metabolic disorder called de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis glyceryl trimyristate pathway.

Benzylideneacetone, a monoterpene produced by the insect pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila, is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor with inhibitory effects on arachidonoid biosynthesis and enhances baculovirus pathogenicity of Xylaria minor.

4-Methoxycinnamic acid is an unusual phenylpropanoid involved in phenylphenalenone biosynthesis in Anigozanthos preissi.

5-hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is the immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.

Lornoxicam (Chlortenoxicam) (chlortenoxicam) is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Lornoxicam differs from other oxicam compounds in its potent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, a property that explains the particularly pronounced efficacy of the drug. Lornoxicam is approved for use in Japan.

Sesamin is a selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and is a lignan abundantly present in sesame oil. It has potent neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia.

Histidine (abbreviated as His or H) is an alpha-amino acid. The L-isomer is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. It is classified as a charged, polar because of the hydrophilic nature of the imidazole side chain.

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial proteins. Chloramphenicol acts primarily on the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome and is active against peptidyltransferases, inhibiting the formation of peptide bonds.

L-aspartic acid potasium salt(VX-548) is an amino acid widely found in plants and animals.L-aspartic acid potasium salt drives the production of nitrogen oxides, which promotes phagocytosis and contributes to fish survival.L-aspartic acid potasium salt may stimulate antibiotics. The stimulatory effect may be related to precursors involved in aspartic acid-4-semialdehyde biosynthesis.

Indole-3-acetamide is a biosynthetic intermediate of indole-3-acetic acid. Indole-3-acetamide is a biosynthetic intermediate of indole-3-acetic acid, which is the most common natural plant growth hormone in the phytogrowth factor class.

Menthofuran is a natural product.

Terbinafine (TDT 067) is a synthetic allylamine derivative with antifungal activity. Terbinafine exerts its effect through inhibition of squalene epoxidase, thereby blocking the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. As a result, this agent disrupts fungal cell membrane synthesis and inhibits fungal growth.

Shikimic Acid (Shikimate) is a tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in the biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.

Derivatives of Pimelic acid (1,5-Pentanedicarboxylic acid) can participate in the biosynthesis of lysine.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.

O-Acetylserine (OASS) is an acylated amino acid derivative. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the common amino acid cysteine in bacteria and plants. Its presence in humans arises from either microbial metabolism in the gut or through consumptio

(S)-2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)propanoic acid dihydrate (jodgorgon) results from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. During thyroid hormone biosynthesis, diiodotyrosine residues couple with either monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T3 or T4 thyroid hormones.

Methyl jasmonate ((-)-Methyl jasmonate) is a hormone involved in plant signaling, inducing oxidative stress and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant cells and organ cultures, and regulating the biosynthesis of other plant hormones. Methyl jasmonate induces plant defense responses against Andean lupin insects. Methyl jasmonate has anti-inflammatory activity.

L-Gulono-1,4-lactone, a substrate of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic (Vitamin) C.

1. Linalool (Linalol), a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. 2. Linalool was protected against LPS GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition. 3. Linalool biosynthesis and accumulation might be involved in plant defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens and be associated with field resistance to citrus canker. 4. Linalool significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf-2 and diminished lung tissue levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.