Chemokines

Mouse Cxcl12 is a secreted and highly conserved protein which belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.CXCL12 is widely expressed in various organs including brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and lymphoid organs. Cxcl12 activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. It also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. Cxcl12 has several critical functions during embryonic development such as B-cell lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis in bone marrow and heart ventricular septum formation. Cxcl12 plays an important role in acting as a positive regulator of monocyte migration and a negative regulator of monocyte adhesion via the LYN kinase. It stimulates migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, and decreases monocyte adherence to surfaces coated with ICAM-1, a ligand for beta-2 integrins. SDF1A CXCR4 signaling axis inhibits beta-2 integrin LFA-1 mediated adhesion of monocytes to ICAM-1 through LYN kinase. It also plays a protective role after myocardial infarction, induces down-regulation and internalization of ACKR3 expressed in various cells and stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow-derived b progenitor cells in the presence of IL-7 as well as growth of the stromal cell-dependent B-cell clone DW34 cells.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9, MIG), is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL9 functions as one of the three ligands of chemokine receptor CXCR3 which is a G protein-coupled receptor found predominantly on T cells. It together with CXCL10 and CXCL11, may activate CXCR3 by binding to it. CXCL9 serves as a cytokine that affects the growth, movement, or activation state of cells that participate in immune and inflammatory response. It has been observed that tumour endothelial cells secrete high levels of CXCL9 in all, and CXCL10 in most melanoma metastases. it plays an important role in CD4+ T lymphocyte recruitment and development of CAV, MOMA-2+ macrophages are the predominant recipient-derived source of CXCL9, and recipient CD4 lymphocytes are necessary for sustained CXCL9 production and CAV development in this model.

I-TAC, also known as CXCL11, is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. The I-TAC chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. I-TAC is chemotactic for activated T cells. The CXCL11 gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

SDF-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8.6 kDa and the accession number is P48061-1.

CXCL14 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 9.4 kDa and the accession number is Q9WUQ5.

CXCL10 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8.7 kDa and the accession number is P17515.

MIP-1 alpha CCL3 Protein, Rat, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 7.8 kDa and the accession number is P50229.

MCP-1 CCL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10.1 kDa and the accession number is P13500.

CCL4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 9.2 kDa and the accession number is P13236.

IL-8 CXCL8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 9.8 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RDA5.

CXCL10 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8.8 kDa and the accession number is P02778.

IL-8 CXCL8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 28-99) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8.5 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RDA5.

IL-8 CXCL8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 23-99) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 8 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RDA5.

MCP-2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & NusA) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His and NusA tag. The predicted molecular weight is 66 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z121.

CXCL5 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 9.4 kDa and the accession number is P50228.

CCL21 Protein, Rhesus, Recombinant is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells. The predicted molecular weight is 12 kDa and the accession number is Q8HYP5.

Chemokine (C-X-C-Motif) Ligand 6 (CXCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a potent neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor and it exhibits extensive similarity to other CXC chemokines such as IL-8 and ENA-78. CXCL6 can promote the release of MMP-9 from granulocytes indicating its potential role as an inflammatory mediator. It functionally uses both of the IL-8 CXCL8 receptors to chemoattract neutrophils but that is structurally most related to epithelial cell-derived neutrophil attractant-78 (ENA-78) CXCL5. The human CXCL6 gene has been cloned and is physically mapped to the CXC chemokine locus on chromosome 4. Mature human CXCL6 is a 75 amino acid (aa) protein with a predicted molecular weight of approximately 8 kDa. Human CXCL6 shares 60% and 67% aa identity with mouse and bovine CXCL6, respectively.

Recent studies have implicated chemokines in microglial activation and pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) is a B lymphocyte chemoattractant that activates CXCR5. Using the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain, CXCL13 was persistently upregulated in spinal cord neurons after SNL, resulting in spinal astrocyte activation via CXCR5 in mice. CXCL13 BCA-1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 11.7 kDa and the accession number is O55038.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 (CCL24) is a chemokine that regulates inflammatory and fibrotic activities through its receptor, C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR3). CCL24 is a chemokine that regulates inflammation and fibrosis. It was found to be significantly expressed in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, in whom it regulates profibrotic processes in the liver. CCL24 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 11.7 kDa and the accession number is Q9JKC0.

CCL20 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10.2 kDa and the accession number is P78556-1.

The CCR5 and the CCL5 ligand have been detected in some hematological malignancies, lymphomas, and a great number of solid tumors, but extensive studies on the role of the CCL5 CCR axis were performed only in a limited number of cancers. CCL5 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.2 kDa and the accession number is P30882.

MIP-1 alpha CCL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 9.2 kDa and the accession number is A0N0R1.

CCL18 is a chemotactic cytokine involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various disorders, including cancer. Proof showed high levels of CCL18 in the serum of epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients suggesting its potential as a circulating biomarker. CCL18 chemokine has an important role in chemokine-mediated tumor metastasis, and may serve as a potential predictor for poor survival outcomes for ovarian cancer. (CCL18) is predominantly secreted by M2-tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and promotes malignant behaviors of various human cancer types. CCL18 has a correlation with cardiac function in patients with AAMI and it might be considered as an indicator of poor LVEF in patients with AAMI. Circulating and WAT-secreted CCL18 correlates with insulin resistance and metabolic risk score. Because CCL18 is macrophage-specific and associates with adipose immune gene expression, it may constitute a marker of WAT inflammation. Macrophages are thought to be the main source of CCL18, and the effect of pirfenidone, an anti-fibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, on the expression of CCL18 in macrophages warrants investigation.

CCL11 or chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 is a member of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand family. Chemokin (C-C motif) ligand 11 is a member of the chemokine family. There are four members of the chemokine family: C-C kemokines, C kemokines, CXC kemokines and CX3C kemokines. The C-C kemokines have two cysteines nearby the amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called C-C chemokine ligands (CCL)-1 to 28. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. They share the same structure similarities such as small size, and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations in order to form their 3-dimensional shape. Some of the chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory which can be induced to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection during an immune response, while others are considered homeostatic and are implied in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance and development. CCL11 is implicated in allergic responses through selectively recruiting eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to chemokine receptor. Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice.

CXCL16 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.5 kDa and the accession number is Q9H2A7.

CXCL5 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 7.8 kDa and the accession number is P42830.

Human Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 3 (CCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL3 is primarily expressed in T cells, B cells, and monocytes after antigen or mitogen stimulation. CCL3 exhibits chemoattractive and adhesive effects on lymphocytes. CCL3 exerts multiple effects on hematopoietic precursor cells and inhibits the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro as well as in vivo. CCR1 and CCR5 have been identified as functional receptors for CCL3.

GRO beta CXCL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 7.9 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RDD9.

SDF-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (isoform a) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8 kDa and the accession number is P48061-2.

Human Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 4 (CXCL4) is expressed in megakaryocytes and stored in the alpha-granules of platelets. CXCL4 contains several heparin-binding sites at the C-terminal region and binds heparin with high affinity. The active CXCL4 protein is a tetramer. Human and mouse CXCL4 share 64% sequence identity. CXCL4 is chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts and monocytes and plays a critical role in inflammation and wound repair. CXCL4 functions via a splice variant of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, known as CXCR3B. The major physiologic role of CXCL4 appears to be neutralization of heparin-like molecules on the endothelial surface of blood vessels, thereby inhibiting local antithrombin III activity and promoting coagulation. In contrast to other CXC chemokines, CXCL4 lacks chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear granulocytes.

CXCL9 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 11.9 kDa and the accession number is Q07325.

Human C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) is a non-ELR chemokine secreted by various cell types, such as monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, in response to IFN-γ. CXCL10 functions via chemokine receptor CXCR3. CXCL10 has been attributed to several roles, such as chemoattraction for activated T-lymphocytes, inhibition of angiogenesis, and antitumor activity.

CCL8 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 12 KDa and the accession number is P80075.

Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 28 (CCL28) is a novel chemokine that shares the most homology with CCL27 CTACK. CCL28 shows chemotactic activity for resting CD4, CD8 T-cells and eosinophils. It Binds to CCR3 and CCR10 and induces calcium mobilization in a dose-dependent manner. CCR10 (GPR2 orphan receptor) is also the receptor for CCL27 CTACK. CCL28 is preferentially expressed by epithelial cells of diverse tissues, with highest expression level in normal and pathological colon. It is also expressed in normal and asthmatic lung tissues. Human and mouse CCL28 shares 83% sequence identity in their mature regions.

Fractalkine(CX3CL1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein and belongs to the intercrine delta family. It consists of an extracellular NH2-terminal domain, a mucin-like stalk, a transmembrane α helix, and a short cytoplasmic tail. CX3CL1 exists in two forms: as a membrane-anchored or as a shed 80-95K glycoprotein. Soluble CX3CL1 is generated by limited proteolysis on the cell surface, and a disintegrin and metallopeptidase 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (ADAM17 TACE) participate in this shedding. It has been suggested that ADAM10 acts in the constitutive shedding, and ADAM17 acts in response to cell activation. The protein may play a role in regulating leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium.

Human Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 7 (CXCL7), also known as neutrophil activating peptide 2 (NAP-2), is a member of the CXC chemokines containing an ELR domain (Glu-Leu-Arg tripeptide motif). Similar to other ELR domain containing CXC chemokines, such as IL-8 and the GRO proteins, CXCL7 binds CXCR2, chemoattracts and activates neutrophils. CXCL7, Connective Tissue Activating Protein III (CTAPIII) and βthrombogulin (βTG), are proteolytically processed carboxylterminal fragments of platelet basic protein (PBP) which is found in the alphagranules of human platelets. Although CTAPIII, βTG, and PBP represent amino-terminal extended variants of NAP2 and possess the same CXC chemokine domains, these proteins do not exhibit CXCL7 NAP2 activity. CXCL7 induces cell migration through the G-protein-linked receptor CXCR-2.

C-C Motif Chemokine 3 (MIP-1 alpha,CCL3 ) is a member of the beta or CC subfamily of chemokines and is closely related to CCL4 MIP-1 beta. CCL3 expression can be induced in a variety of hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Mature mouse CCL3 shares 73%, 91%, and 82% amino acid sequence identity with human, rat, and cotton rat CCL3, respectively. CCL3 exerts its biological functions through interactions with CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. It is cleared from the extracellular space by internalization via the decoy chemokine receptor D6. CCL3 promotes the chemoattraction, adhesion to activated vascular endothelium, and cellular activation of many hematopoietic cell types including activated T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and eosinophils. CCL3 is also known as stem cell inhibitor (SCI) and can inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CCL3 bioactivity contributes to tumor metastasis and the inflammatory components of viral infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis, although it also can suppress the replication of HIV.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been revealed as a critical regulator of CNS function and development with participation in many CNS disorders including gliomas.Several promising approaches that target directly or indirectly IL-8 effects in gliomas are currently in progress while more-in-depth studies are needed to validate its biomarker role and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

C-C motif chemokine 5(CCL5) is a β-chemokine that plays a primary role in the inflammatory immune response by means of its ability to attract and activate leukocytes. CCL5 is secreted by many cell types at inflammatory sites, and it exerts a wide range of activities through the receptors CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. Inflammatory responses can be impaired by the sequestration of CCL5 by the cytomegalovirus protein US28. Oligomerization of CCL5 on glycosaminoglycans is required for CCR1mediated leukocyte adhesion and activation as well as CCL5’s interaction with the chemokine CXCL4 PF4.The deposition of CCL5 on activated vascular endothelial cells is crucial for monocyte adhesion to damaged vasculature, but CCL5 oligomerization is not required for the extravasation of adherent leukocytes.CCL5 is upregulated in breast cancer and promotes tumor progression through the attraction of proinflammatory macrophages in addition to its actions on tumor cells, stromal cells, and the vasculature.

C-C motif chemokine 9(CCL9) is an 11 kDa, secreted, monomeric polypeptide that belongs to the beta (or CC) intercrine family of chemokines. It is expressed mainly in the liver, lung, and the thymus, although some expression has been detected in a wide variety of tissues except brain. Monokine has inflammatory, pyrogenic and chemokinetic properties. It circulates at high concentrations in the blood of healthy animals. Binding to a high-affinity receptor，it activates calcium release in neutrophils. It also inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. CCL9 can activate osteoclasts through its receptor CCR1 (the most abundant chemokine receptor found on osteoclasts) suggesting an important role for CCL9 in bone resorption.

May be an autocrine factor that promotes the growth of fibroblasts and is involved in the neoplastic transformation of fibroblasts by v-Src. Chemotactic for peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as for heterophils. IL-8 CXCL8 Protein, Chicken, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.4 kDa and the accession number is P08317.

CXCL5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Monokine with inflammatory and chemokinetic properties.

CXCL1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 7.9 kDa and the accession number is P14095.

Platelet factor 4 (PF4), also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4), is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL4 PF4 is released from the alpha-granules of activated platelets and binds with high affinity to heparin. Its major physiologic role appears to be neutralization of heparin-like molecules on the endothelial surface of blood vessels, thereby inhibiting local antithrombin III activity and promoting coagulation. As a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and fibroblasts, CXCL4 PF4 probably has a role in inflammation and wound repair. This protein is released during platelet aggregation. CXCL4 PF4 neutralizes the anticoagulant effect of heparin because it binds more strongly to heparin than to the chondroitin-4-sulfate chains of the carrier molecule. CXCL4 is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes. It inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, the short form is a more potent inhibitor than the longer form. CXCL4 PF4 is up-regulated in human liver fibrosis and that it plays a nonredundant, functional role in experimental liver fibrosis by mediating stellate cell proliferation, migration, and intrahepatic immune cell recruitment.

GRO gama CXCL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10.1 kDa and the accession number is P19876.

CXCL16 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.5 kDa and the accession number is A2CFE9.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6), also known as C-C chemokine C10 has only been identified in rodents, which is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family, beta-chemokine subfamily. C-C chemokine C10 is involved in the chronic stages of host defense reactions. C10 chemokine rapidly promotes disease resolution in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model through its direct effects on the cellular events critically involved in host defense during septic peritonitis. CCL6 appears to contribute to the macrophage infiltration that is independent of other CC chemokines. C10 is a prominent chemokine expressed in the central nervous system in experimental inflammatory demyelinating disease, also acts as a potent chemotactic factor for the migration of these leukocytes to the brain. CCL6 may be a mediator released by microglia for cell-cell communication under physiological as well as pathological conditions of CNS. Additionally, the chemokine CCL6 may alter tumor behavior by relieving its growth factor dependency and by promoting invasiveness as a result of local tissue apoptosis.

CXCL9 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 12.3 kDa and the accession number is P18340.

CCL14 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 28-93, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 9.3 kDa and the accession number is Q16627-1.