host

Eleutheroside B1 mediates its anti-influenza activity through POLR2A and N-glycosylation. Eleutheroside B1 inhibits the mRNA expression of several chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene, and exhibits low cytotoxicity. Antiviral and anti

Trichostatin A (TSA), a natural derivative of diene isohydroxamic acids, is a specific and reversible histone deacetylase inhibitor (IC50=1.8 nM) that induces hyperacetylation of core histones to regulate chromatin structure.

Lathosterol, a molecule akin to cholesterol, serves as a biomarker for the body's total cholesterol synthesis, as indicated by its serum concentration.

Fostriecin is an antifungal and antitumor antibiotic.

Histatin 5 acetate inhibits the activity of the host matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 with IC50s of 0.57 and 0.25 μM, respectively.

SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro), crucial for the virus's replication and transcription in host cells, with an IC50 value of 72.07 nM. Given its significant role in processing viral polyproteins, M pro is regarded as a key target in drug discovery efforts. Consequently, SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 holds promise for COVID-19 research.

Magainin 2, a cationic peptide derived from the African clawed frog (X. laevis) skin, exhibits host defense and antimicrobial properties. This compound effectively inhibits a range of pathogens, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. aureus bacteria, and C. albicans fungus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5, 10, 10, 50, and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, at a concentration of 20 µM, Magainin 2 significantly reduces the germination and tube elongation in kiwi fruit pollen. It also curtails viral replication in Vero cells infected by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or HSV-2, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 22.16 and 19.8 µM, respectively, while demonstrating low toxicity to these cells, shown by a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 100 µM.

Gliotoxin, a Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines with mutations of the Wnt signaling pathway.

Licorisoflavan A shows weak scavenging activity against superoxide anion radical, it and licoricidin have potential for the development of novel host-modulating strategies for the treatment of cytokine and or MMP-mediated disorders such as periodontitis.L

Momordicine V can deter significantly the oviposition by L. trifolii on host plant leaves treated at 26.16 microg/cm2 leaf surface.

Eriobofuran, a phytoalexin, has antimicrobialactivity, it can inhibit strongly the spore germination and germ tube growth of Pestalotia funerea, a host-pathogenic fungus of loquat tree.

Neosartoricin B, a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergilus nidulans, may mediate immunomodulatory interactions with the host during the infection and colonization processes of pathogenic fungi.

AK-toxin I is a host-specific phytotoxic metabolite responsible for causing black spot disease in pear trees.

Alternaric acid is a host-specific toxin produced by plant fungi. In the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, alternaric acid stimulates the phosphorylation of the His-tagged cytoplasmic kinase RiCDPK2.