host

Eleutheroside B1 mediates its anti-influenza activity through POLR2A and N-glycosylation. Eleutheroside B1 inhibits the mRNA expression of several chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene, and exhibits low cytotoxicity. Antiviral and anti

Trichostatin A (TSA), a natural derivative of diene isohydroxamic acids, is a specific and reversible histone deacetylase inhibitor (IC50=1.8 nM) that induces hyperacetylation of core histones to regulate chromatin structure.

Lathosterol, a molecule akin to cholesterol, serves as a biomarker for the body's total cholesterol synthesis, as indicated by its serum concentration.

Fostriecin is an antifungal and antitumor antibiotic.

Lymphostin is an immunosuppressant that inhibits lymphocyte kinase, with an IC50 of 0.05 μM, and also suppresses mixed lymphocyte reactions, demonstrating an IC50 of 0.009 μM. Lymphostin exhibits no effects on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Scyphostatin, a mammalian N-SMase inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 value of 1.0 μM.

Dephostatin is a competitive protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces spp., exhibiting activity within the micromolar range.

SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro), crucial for the virus's replication and transcription in host cells, with an IC50 value of 72.07 nM. Given its significant role in processing viral polyproteins, M pro is regarded as a key target in drug discovery efforts. Consequently, SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 holds promise for COVID-19 research.

Magainin 2, a cationic peptide derived from the African clawed frog (X. laevis) skin, exhibits host defense and antimicrobial properties. This compound effectively inhibits a range of pathogens, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. aureus bacteria, and C. albicans fungus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5, 10, 10, 50, and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, at a concentration of 20 µM, Magainin 2 significantly reduces the germination and tube elongation in kiwi fruit pollen. It also curtails viral replication in Vero cells infected by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or HSV-2, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 22.16 and 19.8 µM, respectively, while demonstrating low toxicity to these cells, shown by a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 100 µM.

Antcin B is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL Pro). It interacts with several crucial amino acid residues of 3CL Pro, including Leu141, Asn142, Glu166, and His163, through hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions, thereby inhibiting its activity. This inhibition blocks the cleavage of viral polyproteins and suppresses the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within host cells. Antcin B shows potential for research in the context of COVID-19.

Gliotoxin, a Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines with mutations of the Wnt signaling pathway.

Licorisoflavan A shows weak scavenging activity against superoxide anion radical, it and licoricidin have potential for the development of novel host-modulating strategies for the treatment of cytokine and or MMP-mediated disorders such as periodontitis.L

Momordicine V can deter significantly the oviposition by L. trifolii on host plant leaves treated at 26.16 microg/cm2 leaf surface.

Eriobofuran, a phytoalexin, has antimicrobialactivity, it can inhibit strongly the spore germination and germ tube growth of Pestalotia funerea, a host-pathogenic fungus of loquat tree.

Neosartoricin B, a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergilus nidulans, may mediate immunomodulatory interactions with the host during the infection and colonization processes of pathogenic fungi.

AK-toxin I is a host-specific phytotoxic metabolite responsible for causing black spot disease in pear trees.

Alternaric acid is a host-specific toxin produced by plant fungi. In the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, alternaric acid stimulates the phosphorylation of the His-tagged cytoplasmic kinase RiCDPK2.